David Foster Wallace Revision Essay

On May 21, 2005, David Foster Wallace starts his address to the graduating class of Kenyon College by making an analogy about three fish passing by one another. The older fish throws a comment out to the two younger â€Å"How’s the water?† (Wallace 1) to which the younger two fish pose the question, â€Å"What the hell is water?† (Wallace 1) In explanation of said story, Wallace interprets it by saying â€Å"The point of the fish story is [†¦] the most obvious [†¦] realities are often the ones that are the hardest to see and talk about.† (Wallace 1) An abundance of Wallace’s speech is him presenting different stories and analogies about knowledge being not â€Å"the capacity to think, but rather about the choice of what to think about.† (Wallace 1) Wallace goes on with another moral story about the â€Å"banal platitudes† of the adult life explaining if you don’t consciously choose what and how you’re going to think about a thing you’re going to be â€Å"pissed and miserable† (Wallace 1) On further expanding that thought, David states â€Å"there are totally different ways to think[†¦]† (Wallace 1) Wallace’s speech centers around â€Å"[†¦]the freedom of real education is[†¦] you get to consciously decide what has meaning and what doesn’t.† (Wallace 1) Read more: Good people by david foster wallace essay Wallace shifts, telling a story about two men in a bar debating over the existence of God. One of the men is an Atheist, while the other man is religious. Both of the men have a â€Å"blind certainty† in their beliefs, which  is what Wallace says the men’s problem is. Magnifying that thought, Wallace goes on stating â€Å"closed-mindedness [†¦] amounts to an imprisonment so total that the prisoner doesn’t even know he’s locked up.† (Wallace 1) He says â€Å"you decide what to believe† also reinforcing that you also decide how to think. Wallace continues, urging the critical analysis of what and how you think, giving the example it is â€Å"basic self-centeredness† (Wallace 1) to think of yourself as the â€Å"absolute center of the universe. (Wallace 1) Wallace explains that, to critically analyze your thoughts you must break â€Å"free of [your] natural, hard wired default setting.† (Wallace 1) which is to see everything through â€Å"the lens of self† Wallace ends his speech with a statement on the critical analysis of what and how you think and keeping an open mind saying it is hard to â€Å"stay conscious and alive in the adult world day in and day out.† (Wallace 1) Work Cited Wallace, David Foster. â€Å"Transcription of the 2005 Kenyon Commencement Address- May 21, 2005.† Kenyon College Graduation Ceremony. Kenyon College Gambien, OH. 21 May 2005. Commencement Address.

“A Dream Deferred” by Langston Hughes Essay

The poem A Dream Deferred by Langston Hughes basically describes what happens to dreams when they are put on hold. The speaker in the poem originally entitled it Harlem, which is the capital of African-American life in the United States. The title was changed to accommodate all dreams in general, and what happens when people postpone making them come true. The speakers attitude toward the poem is an advice-giving attitude. The poet doesnt want people to postpone getting what they want. The poem is written in an informative/caring tone to help people live the lives they dream of having. In the opening of the poem, the poet uses a visual image, which is a simile, to compare a deferred dream to a raisin. The speaker asks the question Does it dry up/like a raisin in the sun? (2-3) This phrase creates the image of a raisin that used to be a firm, moist, and healthy-looking grape that has become shriveled up into a raisin. The speaker doesnt emphasize the appearance of the raisin, so it isnt as good of an image as the simile. This image gives an emotional effect of a dream deferred shriveling up and turning dark because the sun has baked it. The words and phrases, Or fester like a sore(4), and Or crust and sugar over(7) are both symbolic of the hard manual labor that African-Americans had during the early 1900s. Maybe it just sags / like a heavy load(9-10) is a great picture of a dream that sits within a person and weighs there making everything else one does never enough. As the reader puts all of these illusions together, ones own dreams and ideals are brought to the surface just as Hughes brings his poem to a close with style. Or does it explode (11) is the most powerful line of the poem. It is separated from the other lines of the poem and italicized, adding emphasis to it visually. The concept of a dream exploding is a powerful conclusion of what could happen to the poet’s or reader’s dreams if they are pushed aside or unable to be pursued. All in all, this poem is a very universal poem as far as advocating for all types of people. This poem uses no forms of rhyme or meter, but it does use one form of a sound effect. The one example is the line Or does it explode? (11), in which the word explode gives a strong meaning of sound. The sound affects the  sense of the poem by showing that it could all end in a big disastrous bang. The elements that are most important to the poem are the quotes Does it dry up/like a raisin in the sun? (2-3) and Or fester like a sore(4). The elements that contribute least to the poems effectiveness are the quotes And then run? (5) and like a heavy load (10). The poems title means that people have dreams that they would like to pursue, but obstacles make them keep procrastinating and/or putting them off. The poem means that many people, no matter what race, all have dreams that they would like to have come true, but they just linger around in the back of their minds. I responded to it by agreeing to the whole concept. I have many dreams that I would like to of had come true, but there have been certain obstacles that have gotten in the way. It doesnt remind me of anything in particular, but there are some instances that are similar, such as wanting to drive when I turned 16, but because I took drivers training late, I couldnt. This poem tells me to pursue the dreams that I have if at all possible. A Dream DeferredBy: Langston HughesWhat happens to a dream deferred?Does it dry uplike a raisin in the sun?Or fester like a sore–And then run?Does it stink like rotten meat?Or crust and sugar over–like a syrupy sweet?Maybe it just sagslike a heavy load. Or does it explode? â€Å"A Dream Deferred by Langston Hughes.† CSWNET. 25 June 1996. 25 April 2008 .

Critically discuss the key issues involved in studying children and Essay

Critically discuss the key issues involved in studying children and young people - Essay Example This paper takes a keen look at the way education brings a renewed confidence and adaptability within the ranks of the young people and the children in meticulous. Young people and children are always studied from a number of angles and perspectives. This is because they are hard to understand at the best of times. There is so much going on within their lives that it is difficult to comprehend all of this. It is a matter of fact that the children who attend schools are better off than the ones who study within the four walls of their homes. The reasons could be manifolds for the same however what is important is to ascertain what forces these children to remain within their homes and not go to schools at all (Guha, 2008). The reasons are immensely different from one another. These could include their parents’ financial conditions, their lack of access to proper schooling regimes, absence of any schools whatsoever or non-granting of admission to schools to name a few. The kids start learning from a very young age and it is understandable that no parent would want his child to lag far behind the other children in the society or city for that matter. The school ensures that the kids learn the basics of schooling right from the very beginning and they are taught the most basic of activities, habits and manners right from the start (Guichard, 2011). This also guarantees that the parents are lessened of their responsibilities, though to a small extent since they have to look after the chores of their homes as well. It is a fact that the schools act as significant role-playing instruments within the growth and developmental regimes of the young people and children. The manner in which the difference is brought to the fore is another pertinent consideration, and one that has a lot of bearing on the way these students conduct themselves within the global dynamics. On the part of the child who is being looked after and taught at the school, it is made sure that he starts interacting with the young ones of his age and friends are created all this while, which when seen in the proper perspectives, is something of a healthy exercise (Strong, 1998). The school makes sure that the young ones get to learn easily and in a quick manner without any such hiccups happening at a very young age. At school, he is provided mentoring as well as training on different subjects while at home, there are serious issues as regards to a student’s timely coaching and getting acquainted with the educational norms (Cotugna, 2005). Mentoring helps in understanding what the psyche of the student is and how he will cope up with pressure in the form of projects, assignments and exams. The same is however a missing link within the home schooling domains. Young people and children need help from different quarters of the society and more specifically from the domains of their own parents and guardians. This is because they have little knowledge about the world that they live in, and need guidance from all and sundry (Jenkinson, 1995). Children need to be given the support and confidence from their elders so that they can develop into better human beings in the future. It is for their own good if they comprehend the true essence of life and

The Evolution of Active Directory Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2000 words

The Evolution of Active Directory - Essay Example This component was introduced in window 2000 operating system, which was an improvement of window NT 4.0. According to Alcott (2002), this component extended the directory services available on its predecessor, window NT 4.0. This component had a domain controller that could be used to control and manage personal domains. It also introduced networking components, which enabled management of several computers by a single administrator. It also could manage users and user groups that use a computer as well as the services that the computer is used to provide. Compared to its predecessor, this component was a great boost to information technology during the era when it was introduced. This component was introduced at a time we can call the ‘internet age’. This was the time when the internet had just been introduced and had become widely used in different organizations. With introduction of internet, there was a need for greater computer networking to enhance sharing of info rmation among several computers. Since this feature introduced networking components that enhanced sharing of information not only among computers within a domain but also among different computers in different domains within the server. Because of this property, this component could enhance information management in an organization and thus it enabled organizations to use internet effectively. Compared to the directory in the earlier versions of the windows, the active directory was easy to use and operate. One of the reasons for this was that most of its components were automated (Heywood & Ahmad 2001). This means that they could run automatically without requiring the commands of the user or administrator and thus they were very easy to use. Another reason according to Heywood & Ahmad (2001) is that the components, which were not automated, were self-explanatory and thus very easy to use even by a person with little Information Technology knowledge. Because of this property of ac tive directory, it was widely used by various organizations in managing its information and sharing of their information. However, according to Shapiro (2008), the active directory found in window server 2000 operating system could not authenticate validate users that have local accounts. This means that some of these users could access or use information not meant for them. These users could also share such information and therefore there was a lot of information insecurity. Moreover, this component did not have a command-line interface that would help in the management of the server, workstation, or network. This made it difficult for users and administrators to optimize the benefits that could be derived from proper management of the server and the workstation. Since most organizations had networks that were used to share large information, lack of this component really acted as a limiting factor to information sharing. According to Keplan & Dunn (2006), active directory is an in tegral part of window server that cannot be purchased and installed separately in windows. This means that a person cannot be able to use it without using window server 2000 operating system. This actually makes this component to be only accessible to only the individuals who were using window 2000 operating sy

Online and Face-to-Face Learning Research Paper

Online and Face-to-Face Learning - Research Paper Example Scholars have identified for decades the inadequacies of the faculty- positioned classroom, nonetheless it has become hard to break free from the pattern. Whether the schoolroom instructor uses discussions, lectures, small group activities, role-playing, or else any other method, it is conversely, the instructor overseeing the show. Within an online atmosphere, nevertheless, the instructor presently seats back. Students are encouraged to study as individual as well as they educate one another. Predominantly in the debate group mode, learners have the prospect to explicate, comment upon, share, critique, and cultivate course resources among themselves into a manner hardly seen within the face-to-face classroom. For numerous years, academics from English department have asserted that the soundest way to educate learners on ways to write out more efficiently is to let them engage in writing more frequently. Online learning has made this adage veracity. Typically, online curriculums are far above writing- exhaustive than customary courses have ever encompassed. In both face-to-face and internet-based classes, major projects are handed in a written form. However, in an internet-based course, general consultations, requests for assistance or elaboration, responses to directed queries, group tasks, majority of assignments, and numerous quizzes and tests are in a written form too. The accord among online instructors is that, the minute they want the students to submit prudently written and edited assignments, the value of most the learners' work enhances over the spell of the curriculum (Aragon & Johnson, 2009). Discussion forum is among the most thrilling features of an internet-based course. Within the traditional face-to-face classroom, the lecturer... Discussion forum is among the most thrilling features of an internet-based course. Within the traditional face-to-face classroom, the lecturer asks a query, and the similar five or six extroverted learners unavoidably each raise his or her hands. He or she offers impulsive, often un-explored responses within the restricted time fixed for discussion. Within the online situation, discussions get into a new aspect. Once a lecturer posts a query upon the asynchronous forum board, each learner in the tutorial is expected to act on, respond shrewdly, and for numerous times. Majority of online learners have specified that this could be the first instance they have â€Å"chatted up" in lesson and that most enjoy the prospect. Similarly, lecturers articulate that it is a gratification to pick up the remarkably compelling concepts of the more withdrawn participants of their sessions. Most online coaches have also witnessed that the comparative "anonymity" of internet-based discussions assists as a form of a level-playing arena for homosexuals, women, learners with physical disabilities, and participants of other possibly sidelined groups, since they can contribute in course undertakings without being maligned. Additionally, the set-up provides non-native mutterers of English additional time to envision queries and compose suitable answers.

Discuss the findings of the OFGEM report with regards to the UK energy Coursework - 1

Discuss the findings of the OFGEM report with regards to the UK energy market; and discuss if more competition between the big six UK energy firms may benefit UK consumers - Coursework Example The UK energy market has never experienced stiff competition from either new or existing energy supplying firms. A critical analysis of the current level of competition in energy supply proves that it is harmful to the consumers. In essence, the current competition in the energy sector has increased the energy prices and led to additional expenses to consumers. The competition among the six major energy firms in the UK is unhealthy as far as consumer welfare is concerned. Competition in the UK energy market need to be increased in order to improve service delivery and reduce the energy prices. Rise in the level of competition in the energy industry would be of great importance to the consumers. Allen, Hammond, & McManus, (2008) states that the UK energy sector has experienced several changes in the past few years. The prices for electricity and gas have been on rise, with that of gas rising at a higher rate. A research conduct from 2011 to 2013 on domestic energy prices showed that the price levels have been on an increase with no signs of decrease. The energy expense has risen by over 4% in the past ten years. Consumers have to keep on adjusting their budgets to meet the ever increasing energy expense. As a result, some customers keep on switching from supplier to supplier for better deals. However, the rate at which consumers switch from one supplier to the other is very minute and, therefore has little influence on the annual energy consumption expense (Johansson et al., 2012) The UK government has established mechanisms to move to cleaner sources of energy. Use of energy sources such as gas, coal and nuclear power produce greenhouse gases that are destructive to the ozone layer. Research has shown that the increased production of greenhouse gases has contributed to climate change. For instance, over the past ten years, climate patterns have changed and become a little bit unpredictable. In order to control discharge of harmful

AFGHANISTAN Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

AFGHANISTAN - Essay Example The male members of Afghanistan’s population keep weapons with them as a sign of their personal honor. This paper contains a description of people and culture of Afghanistan. Afghanistan is an Islamic state and is landlocked which means that it has no sea routes. It can be considered as present in the center of Asia. The citizens of Afghanistan are called Afghans or Afghanis (Dupree 1977). The name of the state Afghanistan is given to it because it is the land of Afghans as they are the nationals of the country. The people of Afghanistan speak Pushto and Persian along with many local dialects. Afghanistan is a rich state in terms of culture and traditions (Jawad 1992). The people of Afghanistan consider themselves strongly associated to their culture, religion, identity and freedom (Toynbee 1961). Afghans live in form of Clans and are deeply rooted in the clan system. They felt themselves associated to other clan members and are always ready to secure their clan members from any attack or inconvenience from any side (Jawad 1992). The country has gone through many hard conditions of warfare and foreign invasion due to which, the country along with its people and culture has suffered immensely (Rall 2002). The country is mostly mountainous with green valleys in between. There are also plains and deserts in Afghanistan. Due to warfare in Afghanistan, many Afghans moved away from Afghanistan to the neighboring states such as Pakistan and Iran (Rall 2002). The people of Afghanistan are divided into many ethnicities or it can be said that Afghanistan is a country of people with mixed ethnicities (Toynbee 1961). It has a multiethnic culture but as far as religion is concerned, the dominant religion is Islam. The ethnic groups in Afghanistan are Pashtuns, Tajiks, Hazaras, Uzbeks, Turkmen, Baluch, Nuristani, Pashai, Aimak and Arabs (Dupree 1977). The Afghani people are identified according to their ethnicity by means of their being resided at different

Are pheumatic tourniquets necesary for optium beneficts from knee Essay

Are pheumatic tourniquets necesary for optium beneficts from knee surgery - Essay Example s shown less drastically adverse results with working in conditions of limited blood loss being the most obvious benefit but with numerous disadvantages (Tang, Olesnicky & Heiskell 2013, p. 32). On the other hand, modern day knee surgery, employing pneumatic tourniquets in more than one million surgical cases in North America alone per year, is prone to risks presented by intra-operative and post-operative complications as well as operation-specific complications. Several studies have identified the pneumatic tourniquet as a significant factor for the increased risk of complications with regards to knee surgery (Krushell & Fingeroth 2007, p. 78). Although there are some advantages such as confining anaesthetics to an extremity, the most common risks are in the form of nerve injury, post-tourniquet syndrome, blood clots, infections and osteolysis (Walsh 2006, p. 711). Because of the risks that patients are exposed to during the use of pneumatic tourniquets in knee surgery, this paper will argue in support that pneumatic tourniquets are not necessary for optimum benefits from knee surgery by discussing their complications. The use of tourniquets, even the older, non-pneumatic versions, has been riddled with complications, sometimes fatal ones (Shemshaki, Laripiur & Jalalian 2010, p 683). Pneumatic tourniquets are used in knee surgery to primarily occlude the flow of blood in an extremity so as to establish a bloodless field in which surgery may be conducted. However, their increased use is also accompanied by the growing risk of incidents related to complications with pronounced physiological changes such as the base-acid imbalance caused by the application of pneumatic tourniquets and may result in pulmonary oedema. The physiological changes also induce transendothelial movement of polymorphonuclears. Most of the injuries that result from the application of pneumatic tourniquets are often pressure-related but may also be consequences of prolonged tourniquet time

Marketing Plan for The Times Newspaper Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2750 words

Marketing Plan for The Times Newspaper - Essay Example This essay stresses that marketing strategy is primarily concerned with the process where a need satisfying product or service is exchanged for a certain value and there are mainly four variables that constitute a market offering and they are: product, distribution/place, price, and marketing communication. To a greater extent, the success of any marketing strategy employed by any company is strongly dependent on the effectiveness of its marketing communication. There must be a good flow of information between the buyer and the seller to enable the buyers to make informed decisions which always take precedence before the actual purchase. In its endeavor to establish a new product, The Times ought to adopt strategies that would allow them to clearly distinguish their target market in a bid to have some competitive advantage over other rival competitors who also operate in the same industry. This paper makes a conclusion that communication plays a very important role in marketing a product to the customers. The advent of the internet has brought about sweeping changes in the way organisations operate as well as market their products. There is need for an organisation to segment its market in order to clearly identify their target customers in order to have a competitive advantage over other rival competitors that may exist in the market. As noted, there is need for The Times newspaper to effectively use marketing communication in order to successfully launch a new product to the customers.

Why Eveline should stay Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

Why Eveline should stay - Essay Example Her past has not been very good, but there is fear on trying a new route in life because it will leave her father vulnerable because he is aged. The life after the death of the mother is worse because she is expected to undertake all the duties that the mom did. Her example portrays the challenge women underwent in the early twentieth century Dublin. The question was on whether to remain rooted to the domestic life or accept the new lease that can be achieved through eloping. Even though some people believe that Eveline should leave the city, I will argue that she should stay because of some reasons such as: she is young, she is not sure if she loves Frank and her promise to her mother and her old father. The first reason which helps her deciding to stay in her city is because she is young at that time. If Eveline decides to leave the city, she will find everything is new in the new city. As a result, she needs to reschedule her duties to adapt with the new city. Of course, because she is young and her mother is dead, she will find difficulty things with her life to skip these problems. The author says that† Even now, though she was over nineteen, she sometimes felt herself in danger of her father’ violence† (Page 202). So she tries to find someone who helps her with that. The best option for Eveline is to leave with her fiancà © and start a new life far from Dublin. From the past experience, fear rules the judgment done by Eveline. Also, she is young so she needs to take much responsibly of her life. But is it difficult to take care of yourself if you are young. When she hears the street organ played on the night before the mom’s death, she resolves to sti ck to the routine and not try to change from it. Such restriction based on the past makes acceptance of change hard. The second reason which leads a hand her to stay not leave is because she is not sure if she loves Frank. In fact, the major challenge of the Eveline is overcoming fear and

Predictive Dream Essay Example for Free

Predictive Dream Essay In this paper I chose to visit the virtual museum of fine arts in Boston, MA. I chose, Predictive Dream, by a world famous artist by the name of Aoki Katsuyo. This piece of art is currently on display at Exhibition of Fine Arts Boston, New Blue and White. This happens to be a ceramic porcelain piece of work from a series the artist created named Predictive Dreams, where skulls decorated in an excessive asymmertrical ornamentation style from cast porcelain formulate the series, . This work is neo-ornamentalism from Japanese contemporary art. Katsuyo has had many numerous solo exhibitions along with many awards. Katsuyo graduated with a BFA in painting in 1998 from Tama Art University(Tokyo, Japan). He appears to use ceramics as a form and means of deep feeling and expression that is very define and meaningful. Katsuyo stated the following about his work, The decorative styles and forms I allude to and incorporate in my works each contain a story based on historical backgrounds and ideas, myths, and allegories. Their existence in my present age makes us feel many things,: adoration, some sort of romantic emotions, a sense of fruitfulness, and langour from their excessiveness and vulgarity. And on the other hand, they make us feel tranquility and awe that can almost be I am able to express an- atmosphere- that is a part of the complex world in this age. In fact, the several decorative styles and forms I cite simultaneously hold divine and vulgar meaning in the present age, having an irrational quality and contradict each other, which I feel express an important aspect in the contemporary age in which we live. My artwork may remind viewers of a narrative story such as a fairy tale, a myth or religious objects used in ceremonies. That is to say, as if I went deep inside myself and came to be face to face with my inner shadow. In other words, it is almost like mystic experience seeing fantasy, daydreams, and awe. It might be because more technology and civilization develops, the more our inner shadow asleep which is deep inside our hearts,defines into its silhouette including mine. (Katsuyo) Choosing only one work of art was the most daunting task for the museum paper. From sculptures to photography it was difficult and nearly impossible, to choose just one piece of work. So my decision stemmed from the want of something interesting, unique, and contemporary in appearance that would be characteristic of the present to a bold and beautiful piece of work that I would not mind owning myself. There is something about this piece of art that I cannot quite define, something uncomparable and radically distinctive, that I simply cannot grasp and put my finger on and for a multitude of reasons, it is really fascinating and aesthetically pleasing to me personally. The porcelain medium and its large scale of elaborate and complicated detail make this piece of work intriguing and provocative, one that will likely stimulate discussion or even exciting controversy. As well as the artist uses a two-dimensional unique and incomparable form that I have never seen before and it is simply stunning and impressive to look at. This work in my opinion, and after careful observation, does not have a lot of variety with it being composed of one medium and does not have any color but a simple white. However, while lacking variety and an assortment of color arrangement, the work does display a nice abundance and healthy assortment of balance of unity with the use of porcelain, glossy white color, and with great in detailed lines. I believe Katsuyos work portrays a very equal balance in his work without the use of symmetry but instead displays asymmetrical balance. In this work there is also a lot of different calligraphic lines in several different layers that give it texture with their details throughout them. I feel very strongly as though this work is very expressionistic of him. After choosing this piece of work to discuss and write about I wanted to know more about this artist. I dedicated both time and effort into researching as much information as possible about him, read the artists statement as quoted previously some of his statement. I was captivated and very surprised because I could definitely see some of his form and content that he discusses in his unique and truly magnificent work. Some of Katsuyos appear to work primarily with ceramics, incorporating various decorative styles, patterns, and with symbolic forms. The works can appear simple but also be unusual and incredibly complexing. It is a skull formed together by swooping, lacy, and fragile ceramic tendrils. The porcelain skull has a feature of meticulous patterned details and almost appear to look like a coral you may see under ocean water. I really like the appearance of the life and death look and the first impression I get with this piece is actually a combination of feelings ranging from a solemn, comfortable and relaxing peace within and almost a dark, mysterious, slightly perplexing and uneasy type of reaction within myself. I find myself continually looking at this wonderfully brilliant piece of work and it amazes and completely fascinates me the time, patience, effort, skill, and critical thought process the artist has in mind. A person, such as I, can really truly appreciate the time, effort and dedication spent on such a small but yet meaningful piece of work that I am sure is adored, admired, and even possibly envied by many as of today and the future of ones that may have the opportunity to witness, observe and experience the unique appeal of this remarkable piece. The piece adds a beauty the cycle we have in this life. â€Å"The artistic expression for me however, while meaning something personal to me; can be described as a result of images from my imagination and fantasies. That is to say, as if I went deep inside myself and came to be face to face with my inner shadow. In other words, it is almost like mystic experience seeing fantasy, daydreams and awe. † (Katsuyo)

Dissection Of A Pigs Heart Physical Education Essay

Dissection Of A Pigs Heart Physical Education Essay For most mammals, the heart is an extremely important organ in their bodies. Acting as a pump, the heart can control the blood by alternating the contractions of muscles and their relaxations. Because of this pumping action, the blood can be kept flowing throughout the bodies. Like other mammals, the pigs heart has a complex structure. The heart is made up of three layers, the epicardium, mycardium and endocardium (Pathguy, 2005). It is also divided into four main chambers. They are the right atrium and right ventricle, the left atrium as well as the left ventricle (Lane, 2010b). On both sides, the upper chambers are known as the atria, and the ventricles are lower. Since the left ventricle needs to pump the oxygenated blood throughout the body, it has thicker muscle. The left ventricle wall is thicker than other chambers (Lane, 2010b). It is three times the thickness of the right ventricle ¼Ã‹â€ Skillstat, 2005 ¼Ã¢â‚¬ °. The right and left sides of the heart are separated by a muscle called septum. The septum is made up of two regions; the interatrial septum and the interventrial septum (Buddyproject, 2000). In the heart, there are a series of valves used to control the blood flow direction. On each side, a special valve separates the atrium and the ventricle. The valve between the right atrium and the right ventricle is called the tricuspid valve. This valve allows blood to enter the right ventricle from the right atrium. And it can also prevent the backflow of blood (Lane, 2010b). Having similar functions, the valve on the left side is the bicuspid valve (Lane, 2010a). Double circulation in mammal consists of the pulmonary circuit and the systemic circuit (Pickering, 2000). These two circuits are separated. Deoxygenated blood from the body can be received and pumped to the lungs by the right side of the heart (Losos, Mason Singer, 2008). This is the pulmonary circuit. The systemic cycle is that the left side of the heart carries oxygenated blood and pumps it to the tissues and organs. This double circulation is also achieved by the arteries and veins in the heart (Losos, Mason Singer, 2008). The superior vena cava and the inferior vena cava can return deoxygenated blood from the tissues to the right atrium. To oxygenate the blood, pulmonary artery can deliver the deoxygenated blood from the right ventricle to the lungs ¼Ã‹â€ NHLBI, nd). Oxygenated blood can enter the left atrium via the pulmonary veins. Aorta is principal vessel. It can take oxygenated blood to the body from the left ventricle ¼Ã…’followed by the systemic circulation (NHLBI, nd). Methods Observations: The apparatus in the experiment included a fresh pig heart, container, a dissecting pan, forceps and a scalpel, as well as several pairs of gloves. Procedures of examining the external structure (Lane, 2010a) 1. A heart was washed and placed in a dissecting pan. a. The heart appeared sanguineous colour. Its size was a little larger than human fist. In the upper part, there were some substances appearing cream colour. 2. Using the forceps, part of the pericardium was removed. The pericardium membrane covering the heart was thin and hard to be removed. 3. The heart was turned so that the front or ventral side was facing the observers. Four chambers were located. c. In Figure 1, the half including the apex was the left side of the heart. A groove was on the front of the heart and divided the heart into two sides. The coronary artery can be found in the groove. The positions of four chambers, the aorta and the pulmonary artery were located. There were era-shaped extensions (labeled 1 2) on both sides. 4. The heart was turned over. Other main blood vessels, including the pulmonary veins, the superior vena cava and the inferior vena cava were located. d. As Figure 2 shows, pulmonary veins were inferior to the pulmonary artery. Two vessels joining together were located as the superior vena cava and the inferior vena cava. Procedures of examining the internal anatomy (Lane, 2010a) 1. The heart was cut deep enough to go through the side of the pulmonary artery until the wall of the right ventricle. 2. Dried blood inside the chambers was rinsed out the heart. 3. The right atrium was located. 4. Other main structures in the right side, including the inferior vena cava, the superior vena cave and the tricuspid valve were located. a. As Figure 3 shows, the top of chamber was the right atrium. The tricuspid valve separated the right atrium and right ventricle. The muscle on the right side is located as septum. 5. The heart was cut continually from the outside of the left atrium downward into the left ventricle. b. With a thicker wall, it was harder to cut on the side. 6. The heart was pushed open. Dried blood was rinsed out with water. 7. Main structures on the left side, including the bicuspid valve and the left ventricle were examined. 8. The heart was cut across the left ventricle toward the aorta and then cut to expose the valve. 9. The three flaps or leaflets on the tricuspid valve were counted and observed. C. The bicuspid valve was thick. The aortic valve was between the left ventricle and the aorta (see Figure 4). It had three flaps and a half-moon shape. Results: Figure 1 shows the external structure (anterior view) of the heart. Figure 2 shows the external structure (posterior view) of the heart. Figure 3 shows the internal structure of the right side in the heart. Figure 4 shows the internal structure of the left side in the heart. All these diagrams are attached at the end of this report. Some functions of the labeled structures are also noted on the right sides of those diagrams. Discussion: The heart in a dissecting pan can be imagined that the heart is in the body of a person facing the observers. The left side of the heart is on the right side of the dissecting. This makes the observers easier to be confused when examining the hearts structures. Those cream substances in the upper part of the heart can be deduced as fat around the muscle pump. The left side of the heart has more muscular and firmer than the right one. This provides the left side with enough energy to pump blood to the whole body. It is hard to identify the positions of the inferior and superior vena cava correctly. The superior vena cava returns blood to the right atrium from the upper part of tissues, while the inferior vena cava carries blood from the lower tissues (NHLBI, nd). Therefore, it is more reasonable that the inferior vena cava is below the superior vena cava instead of connecting to each other (As shown in Figure 2). In this experiment, the semi-lunar entering to the pulmonary veins has not been found. The ear-shaped extensions (labeled 12 in Figure 1) may not belong to the structure of the heart. But based on their positions, it is possible that they are the extensions of the right atrium and the left atrium. Conclusion: The heart is a pump muscle. It can pump oxygenated blood and carry nutrients to the tissues throughout the body. A pigs heart has four chambers, the left and right ventricle and the left and right atrium. A series of main vessels are responsible for the pulmonary and systemic systems, such as the aorta, the pulmonary artery and pulmonary veins, as well as the inferior and superior vena cava. The vales between atria and ventricles act as barriers to prevent blood backflow. Each simple structure of the heart is contributed to providing blood for the survival of the tissues in the bodies.

Shakespeares Portrayal Of Women English Literature Essay

Shakespeares Portrayal Of Women English Literature Essay Shakespeares female characters are represented across a variety of social classes. In this essay I will explore how Shakespeare portrays women in A Midsummer Nights Dream inclusive of several female characters in this play. This allows us to examine in depth, to a very limited extent, how they were treated in society and the stereotypical roles Elizabethan society imposed upon them. I will be examining specifically the characters and portrayal of Hippolyta, Helena and Hermia and how they defy the stereotypical notion of how women were treated by men. Firstly, the most obvious aspect regarding Shakespeares portrayal of women in this play is that the female gender is commodified. Throughout the play, women are treated like objects to be sold or traded. With reference to the background of the characters Theseus and Hippolyta, Greek mythology states that when Theseus, the Duke of Athens, sailed to the land of the Amazon, the Amazons offered Theseus gifts of peace. However, Theseus kidnapped Hippolyta, the queen of the Amazonians, and forcefully made her his wife.  [1]  This resulted in the war between the Athenians and the Amazons. Theseuss action of claiming Hippolyta as a prize and a wife might show that he treats them as objects rather than human beings.  [2]  This idea is reinforced when Theseus says Hippolyta, I wooed thee with my sword, and won thy love doing thee injuries (I.i.16-17). This statement refers to how Theseus won the battle with the Amazons and in conquering the Amazons; he has conquered their queen, Hippol yta, both physically and emotionally. Hippolytas lines in this play are of relatively insignificant amount and value as compared to Theseuss. For example, in the first Act, Hippolyta only comforts Theseus by saying that Four days will quickly steep themselves in night; Four nights will quickly dream away the time (I.i.7-8) and they will have the marriage ceremony soon. In addition, Theseus appears to be making the decisions regarding everything, ranging from their marriage to Hermias marriage. This is significant as it shows that Hippolyta is subservient to Theseus as she has little say in these state events despite being seated next to Theseus. In addition, Hippolytas silence could possibly show how she is unhappy about being forced into a marriage with Theseus  [3]  as shown in the 1970s BBC production of A Midsummer Nights Dream. Hippolytas silence could also be seen as a rejection of male dominance.  [4]  However, it is also significant that Hippolyta gets is given more of a voice in the last scene after bein g married and this will be explored later. Another relationship that suggests the marginalizing of women is seen again between Egeus and Hermia. Egeus, Hermias father, has made up his mind to marry Hermia to Demetrius but Hermia refuses to do so. Egeus then brings up this complaint to Theseus, hoping Theseus is able to help him. In doing so, Egeus is shown to regard Hermia as a commodity. Egeus says that Hermia has turned her obedience, which is due to me (I.i.37) and that since she is mine, I may dispose of her (I.i.42). These 2 lines show Egeus treating Hermia as mere property  [5]  because he made her and hence Hermia ought to listen to her fathers instructions. This idea is also proven by some parents in the early 17th century such as Sir Edward Coke who whipped his daughter into marriage with a mentally unsound man.  [6]   Moreover, Theseus becomes the personification of the law in Athens as he tells Hermia to either to die the death, or to abjure for ever the society of men (I.i.65-66). According to the ancient privilege of Athens (I.i.41) a womans father has the right to decide who she should marry and she has no say in his decision. If the woman goes against the wishes of her father, she can either be put to death or to stay a virgin forever by becoming a nun. The number of different options given by both Theseus and Egeus only goes to support the fact that Renaissance women were constrained in the verbal medium and that silence was the virtue most stringently required from Renaissance women.  [7]   However, it is also through these three women that we see the female gender defying the societys treatment of women then. Hippolyta, Helena and Hermia go against the grain in their unique ways and show that despite the limitations and laws that society imposes upon them, they are able to assert themselves and show society that they have the potential to be as capable as men. Critics have said that Shakespeares portrayal of women in this manner could possibly be his own stand on how women should be treated equally as men but since he belongs to the Elizabethan era, it is still difficult to garner Shakespeares precise views on feminism and its issues solely based A Midsummer Nights Dream and even if we could, it is still problematic to judge his 16th 17th century mindset based on the definitions and criteria of twentieth century feminism.  [8]  In addition, Shakespeare is based in the Elizabethan era yet he writes about the lives and attitudes of the ancient Greeks. This suggests that interpreting Shakespeares mindset from his works is only reliable to a small extent. Hence, his representation of women only serves as an understanding to how he was unorthodox in the gender assumptions of his era. One extremely effective method of showing that women should assert having their opinions and rights recognized by men is to have the characters in A Midsummer Nights Dream either engage in a power struggle or a role reversal. The very first power struggle shown in the play exists between Egeus/Theseus and Hermia. In Act 1 Scene 1, Hermia openly defies Egeuss wishes for her to marry Demetrius instead of Lysander. Through Egeuss eyes, Hermia is seen to have a stubborn harshness (I.i.38) and she will not consent to marry with Demetrius (I.i.40). She defies Egeus despite knowing that ancient tradition grants the father power to marry his daughter off whoever he wishes to. Nonetheless, she even conspires with Lysander and agrees to his plan of leaving Athens to Lysanders widow aunt whose house is remote seven leagues (I.i. 159) and out of reach of the sharp Athenian law (I.i.162). While running away might seem like a nuanced and subtle form of defiance, it is still an affirmation of Hermi as rights and freedom as a woman to choose who she marries. In the same scene, she defies Theseus in both her tone and her language. For example, when Theseus tries to persuade Hermia to marry Demetrius by saying that Demetrius is a worthy gentleman (I.i.52) Hermia asserts, So is Lysander (I.i.53). In addition, when Theseus tells Hermia that she faces either a nunnery or death, she replies that My soul consents not to give sovereignty (I.i.82) and she would rather be a nun than having to marry Demetrius. In Hermias case, the act of women asserting themselves is almost unheard of as Shakespeare lived in a patriarchal culture in which authority and privilege is particularly invested in the hands of the patriarch of a family. This shows that women were subordinate to men.  [9]   The most obvious example of gender reversal is between Demetrius and Helena. In Act 2 Scene 1, Helena reminds the audience about this role reversal by saying, We cannot fight for love, as men may do; we should be wooed, and were not made to woo (II.i.241-242). This line refers to how, in this situation, Helena is playing the role of the male chasing after the female (Demetrius) through the woods and persuading Demetrius to love her. Although I acknowledge that Helena is forced to woo Demetrius due to her situation of unrequited love, it is not proper for a woman to behave in this manner in Ancient Greece. This role reversal between Helena and Demetrius suggests that in Ancient Greece, women were generalized as insensible and unable to make proper judgments and hence needed a male guardian.  [10]  By getting Helena to play the role of men, Shakespeare creates comic relief as the audience sees it as ridiculous and absurdly funny. In addition, some members of the audience may feel sympathetic for Helena instead. Inducing sympathy and challenging the audiences perception of women could have been Shakespeares intentions to promote equal treatment regardless of gender. Nonetheless, this seemingly comic situation still holds true to this day as we, to a small extent, still stereotype women as human beings to be wooed by men despite various organizations pushing for female equality. This may be due to our genetic makeup as human beings or cultural influences about women but we do not exactly know. The final instance of a power struggle between the genders occurs between Theseus and Hippolyta. In Act 5 Scene 1, Hippolyta voices out that she disagrees with Theseus on the events that happened to the lovers the previous night. While Theseus says that he may never believe these antique fables (V.i.2-3), Hippolyta disagrees and says that it must have been true because all their minds transfigured together (V.i.24) and it was more witnesseth than fancys images (V.i.25). Hippolytas verbal answer can be seen in two ways. Firstly, Michael Boyd, a stage director implied that Hippolyta has accepted Theseus as she gives her husband a kiss. This suggests that Hippolyta is simply discussing the whole issue about the lovers with Theseus. The darker way of looking at this is that Hippolyta is involved in struggles for power in a patriarchal society.  [11]  In doing so, Hippolyta empowers the female gender by going against how women were supposed to be submissive and agreeable to their husb ands. In conclusion, I hope this essay demonstrates Shakespeares several conscious and subconscious feminist intentions, through A Midsummer Nights Dream, in his portrayal of women as opposition to the supposed virtues of marriage.  [12]  More importantly, this paper would have suggested that A Midsummer Nights Dream may be interpreted to imply Shakespeare being a proto-feminist who understood and sympathized women who were treated unfairly.

The Social Contract Tradition: Hobbes, Locke, Rousseau :: Philosophy Philosophical Papers

The Social Contract Tradition: Hobbes, Locke, Rousseau ABSTRACT: The classical contract tradition of Hobbes, Locke, and Rousseau have enjoyed such fame and acceptance as being basic to the development of liberal democratic theory and practice that it would be heretical for any scholar, especially one from the fringes, to critique. But the contract tradition poses challenges that must be given the flux in the contemporary socio-political universe that at once impels extreme nationalism and unavoidable globalism. This becomes all the more important not in order to dislodge the primacy of loyalty and reverence to this tradition but from another perspective which hopes to encourage that the anchorage of disclosure be implemented. The contract tradition makes pronouncements on what is natural and what is nonnatural. It offers what many have contended are rigorous arguments for these pronouncements that are "intuitive," "empirical," "logical," "psychological," "moral," "religio-metaphysical." What I offer in this essay is a challenge from the outside. I ask: 1) on what empirical data are the material presuppositions of contractarianism built? 2) what is the epistemological foundation of contractarianism? 3) is contractarianism not derivable from any other form of sociological presupposition except that of the state of nature? 4) does any human know a "state of nature"? 5) given the answers to the above questions, to what extent are the legal and moral foundations of contractarianism sacrosanct? I attempt to answer these questions in what can only be a sketch, but my answers suggest that it is very presumptuous of contractarianist to suppose that they have captured the only logically valid basis of democratic practice universally. Introduction The classical social contract tradition of Hobbes, Locke and Rousseau have, in spite of their variation in themes and emphases, enjoyed such fame and acceptance as being basic to the development of liberal democratic theory and practice that it would be almost heresy for any scholar, especially one from the fringes or margins of mainstream (socio-political) philosophical academia, to post frontal, side, arial, rear or sub-surface attack and critique. But the social contract tradition poses challenges that must be accepted on various counts, with new insights and interpretations, given the fluxed reality in contemporary socio-political universe that at once impels extreme nationalism and unavoidable globalism. This becomes all the more important, not simply in order to dislodge the primacy of the loyalty and the reverence of devotion from the followers of this tradition

Crime And Punishment Essay -- essays research papers

Sonya’s affect on Raskolnikov Sonya, throughout the story had a great affect on Raskolnikov’s changes. In the novel, Crime and Punishment by Fyoder Dostoevsky, this can be seen from all the things Sonya had done for Raskolnikov and what affect the cold person turned loving. Sonya is the daughter of Rodia’s friend that was forced into prostitution to provide for the family, but all is done willingly out of love. In Sonya, one can see a great sinner as Raskalnikov at peace with her and with God. Sonya’s knowledge that God alone gives one worth allows Sonya to love others unconditionally, including Raskalnikov. Sonya also helps Raskolnikov to get rid of suffering from guilt. Sonya, being extremely religious, believes that everyone deserves a second chance. Sonya then shows Raskolnikov how to be forgiven in God’s eyes. Then convinces Rodia to confess to everyone the murders of the old money lender so that in God’s eyes will be forgiven. Against Sonya’s meekness and love, Raskalnikov begins to break. At first, Rodia is argumentative, mocking Sonya’s childlike faith. "‘She’s a holy fool!" Raskalnikov thinks to, but yet Rodia is still drawn to Sonya’s strength. At last, Raskalnikov begins to realize that he is not alone, and it is because of this realization that the great sinner began to confess to Sonya. It can be said that, in this confession, Raskalnikov’s strength returns. However, Raskalnikov’s confession to Sonya is not enough, and S...

Bilingual Education Act Essay -- Bilingual Education, languages, fore

Bilingual education is defined as involving the use of two languages as media of intrusions (May, 2008). It is an educational process that aims to promote and â€Å"maintain longer-term student bilingualism and bi-literacy, adding another language to, but not subtracting from the student’s existing language repertoire† (May, 2008, p. 19-20). Simply, bilingual education is the use of more than one language to deliver curriculum content. Bilingual education Act (BEA) was enacted into law in 1968 by President Lyndon B. Johnson as part of the War on Poverty. The policy expressed U.S. commitment to the needs of the growing number of children in the public schools whose first language was not English (Petrzela, 2010). This commitment was articulated as President Johnson signed the bill into law: Thousands of children of Latin descent, young Indians, and others will get a better start— better chance—in school. . . .We are now giving every child in America a better chance to touch his outermost limits. . . . We have begun a campaign to unlock the full potential of every boy and girl—regardless of his race, or his religion, or his father’s income. (Sanchez, 1973) Bilingual education policy is political activity replete with historical, social, cultural, and economic contexts (Crawford, 2000; Tolleson & Tsui, 2004). It is linked to legislation, court decisions, and executive actions. (Gandara & Gomez, 2009). The BEA came at an exceptional period of domestic upheaval, demographic transformation, and on the heel of the civil right movement. The Act created a channel to provide states and local education districts with funds, personnel assistance, and other incentives for the development of bilingual education program. Purpose of... ...on helped direct large sums of federal money into education for space research, and language programs. The Soviet launching of Sputniks seemed to overshadow race, religion, state rights and other issues that had blocked previous attempts (Forrest & Kinser, 2002). One of the great accomplishment of the time was the passage the National Defense Education Act, 1958 (NDEA). This act provided aid to both public and private schools at all levels to advance the areas of science, math, and modern foreign languages. The act also provided aid to English as a Second Language programs. According to Forrest and Kinser: The importance of the NDEA rests not on its specific provisions, but on its psychological breakthrough. For the first time in nearly a century, the federal government displayed interest in the quality of education that public and private provided. (p. 240)

Homosexuality from the Psychological and Christian Perspectives Essay

The â€Å"rightness† or â€Å"wrongness† of homosexuality has long been a subject for debate in both moral and social circles. Some have said that a person’s gender is their own choice and therefore should be respected. Some contend that homosexuality is brought on by factors both biological and environmental and should therefore be understood. Staunch Christian believers on the other hand point out that when God created humans, He created only man and woman. Anything that goes against that is simply wrong and immoral. In the 19th century, homosexuality was defined as one person’s desire and interest for another person of the same sex (â€Å"Homosexuality,† 2004). Today, while the definition is still applicable, homosexuality has also come to be viewed as â€Å"wanting to be of the other gender† different from one’s own biology. â€Å"I can’t help who I am. † Is a person’s homosexuality brought about as a matter of choice, by birth, or is it something in a person’s environment? There have been theories advanced in the field of psychology that state people are influenced by factors both external and internal. The late nineteenth and early 20th centuries saw the first scientific studies into the origin of homosexuality (Vern & Vern, 1993). The first was Karl Heinrich Ulrichs (1825-1895). He was one of the first acknowledged researchers into homosexuality as well as one of the first people to publicly admit he was gay. In those days, he called what we know now as homosexuality â€Å"urning† and stated that urnings should be considered simply as the â€Å"third sex. † Richard von Krafft-Ebbing (1840-1902) was one of the first to issue views on homosexuality as a perversion. Then again, all sexual acts undertaken without the purpose of reproduction, to him, were unnatural and â€Å"perversions of the sexual instinct. † (Vern & Vern, 1993) Several studies then showed that homosexuality, particularly among males, was a common if not natural occurrence. In the journal â€Å"Yearbook for the Sexual Intermediates,† Dr. Magnus Hirschfeld, a leading proponent of the thought that homosexuality was inborn and therefore natural, states: â€Å"In the embryonic state, people are bisexual, but in the course of their natural development, most lose their desire for members of the same sex. These people are the heterosexuals, who love members of the opposite sex. Another category consists of those individuals whose sexual organs develop normally but in whom the desire for same-sex individuals in the feeling center fails to recede. The results are men who love men and women who love women. † (Sappho and Socrates, 1896) (Russell, 1995) The field of psychoanalysis also presented their views on the origin of homosexuality. In the early days, homosexuality, as well as other â€Å"deviant† societal behaviors were viewed as â€Å"illnesses† that were treatable by psychoanalysis. One explanation advanced was that of Freud’s Oedipus Complex among males and â€Å"penis envy† among the female homosexuals. Freud says that males with Oedipus complex, preferred their mother and hated their father. Perhaps this can be translated to males hating their â€Å"maleness† because they associate it with their fathers. Women on the other hand, realize â€Å"a repressed desire for a penis† in their psychosexual â€Å"phallic† and â€Å"oral† stages said Freud. (Webster, 2005, p. 324) Feminist critics of Freudian theory however said that Freud’s thinking were too misogynist and distinctly anti-feminine. One pivotal development in psychiatric understanding of homosexuality was a study conducted by Irving Bieber (Dain et al. , 1962, p. 182). In a sample of 106 homosexual patients treated by either him or other psychiatrists, he found that feminine and cross-gender behavior patterns commonly manifested themselves even before the age of puberty. It is from this study that it was determined that homosexuality set in even before males were influenced by any hormonal surges and sexual awareness caused by puberty. These results however, have been interpreted and over-simplified by some quarters to mean that homosexuality must then be attributed to a male individual’s relationship with a strong, dominant mother and a weak or absent father. It was then proposed that homosexuality was not an illness, but rather a developmental problem brought about by conditions of family relations particularly the relationship between father and son. Homosexuality was then treated as the product of a father’s failure to bond and impress the male gender identity on his son. Father needs to mirror and affirm the boy’s maleness. As Payne explains, â€Å"The masculinity within is called forth and blessed by the masculinity without† ( 1985: 13 ). This beautiful and mysterious match is the union of an inner need and an outer reality. The boy seeks to take in what is exciting, fun, and energizing about his father. There is a freedom and power to outgrowing mother—and this power is personified by the father. If father is warm and receptive, the boy will be encouraged to dis-identify from the feminine and enter into the masculine sphere. He will then become masculine-identified and most probably heterosexual. If both parents encourage the boy this way, he will be well on his way to fulfilling his male gender identification and heterosexuality. (Baird & Baird, 1995, p. 52) The year 1973 saw a change in the way homosexuality was viewed (Vern & Vern, 1993). Due to a vote held within the American Psychological Association (APA), homosexuality ceased to be an illness and was subsequently dropped from the APA Diagnostic and Statistical Manual. The debate on the origin of homosexuality is basically of a â€Å"nature vs. urture† perspective. Some have posited the idea that being gay is not a choice, one is just born gay. Others have contended that homosexuality comes from failed or uneven relationships within the family. Which truly is which? Thinkers called â€Å"essentialists† hold forth the belief that man’s make up is biological and genetic. Sexual orientation is just one of the things that genes, hormones and brain make up decide. People are born gay and thus, cannot change or escape from that. (LeVay, 1996). (Seutter & Rovers, 2004) At the opposite end of the argument are the â€Å"constructionists. For them, nobody is born gay. Sexual orientation is decided and influenced by an individual’s interaction and reinforced choices in the social context particularly in the family setting. (Seutter & Rovers, 2004) Family seems to play a key role in the determination of an individual’s gender. Be it taken from a genetic contribution to setting the environment that conditions and orients an individual with society. Many psychologists agree that a person’s relationship with people around one’s self will have influences of varying degrees on the individual’s choices and preferences. In fact several theories have been advanced with their basis on such familial contributions. (Seutter & Rovers, 2004) Bowen’s â€Å"Family-of-origin† theory (1978) states that a person’s self-image, behaviors, attitudes, beliefs and values are formed by experiences within one’s â€Å"family-of-origin. † Differentiation or the need to preserve one’s self in relationships as an individual as well as the level of intimacy reached is just one of the things that are developed in the family-of-origin. Authority and power were the basis for Williamson’s concept of â€Å"Personal Authority† (1991) In his concept, Williamson believed that an individual’s person and feeling of personal was formed by leaving the parental home in the psychological if not physical sense. He further stated that only when an individual has â€Å"individuated† himself or set himself apart from the family and established his own identity can he reconnect voluntarily with his family. (Seutter & Rovers, 2004) Nowadays, gays and lesbians have become more â€Å"empowered† as opposed to the years past when homosexuals lived in fear of being discovered and isolated from society or prohibited from living normally as they chose. In a journal article by Anthony R. D’Augelli (2003) for the American Journal of Community Psychology, he shares: Homosexuality was not removed from the psychiatric nomenclature in DSM until 1973, a year after I completed my doctoral training. During my clinical training, I wanted to discuss my feelings with someone, but the idea was terrifying; and, I did not seek professional help because of fear that I would be removed from my program. (After all, who trains someone with a mental disorder to be a clinical psychologist? ) In addition, despite my sexual orientation, which was fairly clear to me at that point, I could not even bring myself to share this information even with the Army physicians during my physical examination after being drafted for service during the Vietnam era. This simple truth would have removed me from induction, but I could not say the words. (D’Augelli, 2003) What the Church has to Say The growing numbers of â€Å"out† gays and lesbians have not escaped the notice of the Christian churches. Traditionally, churches of different religions have been hostile toward gays and lesbians. To them, there are only two genders: man and woman. There have even been some instances where there were accounts of physical and verbal humiliation and abuse gay worshippers suffered within the church, at time in the hands of a priest of Father confessor.

How far was the growth of the American economy in the years 1890 to 1914 due to the rise of big business? Essay

During the period 1890 to 1914 the American economy grew considerably due to the growth of its capacity to produce, rapid industrialisation and increased domestic consumption. This was, to a large extent, driven by big business. Oil was more readily available which made the transport of goods easier and encouraged development of machinery and industry. Through the dominance of Rockefeller and large oil companies, oil was exploited to the benefit of everyone and especially the embryonic car industry. In 1913, Henry Ford, adopted the moving assembly line, which meant that cars could be produced quickly which made them more affordable and increased sales boosting the economy. Through the work of the steel magnate Carnegie, steel became more readily available due to mass production which supported the development of heavy engineering and production which provided employment. JP Morgan had a leading role in reorganising American railroads which made transport of goods easier and cheaper. Due to ruthless big business culture, smaller companies which were less profitable could not survive, but the economy benefited from streamlined monopolies due to economy of scale. This meant that prices of goods went down and this spurred on the domestic market to buy more. By strictly controlling costs and increasing efficiency, big business moguls such as Vanderbilt, Rockefeller and Carnegie were particularly influential in this respect. In support of the economy banking became more stabilized due to financiers such as JP Morgan who directed the banking coalition that stopped the panic of 1907. This financial crisis almost crippled the American economy due to mass bank closures and major New York banks were on the verge of bankruptcy. The consequence of the intervention of JP Morgan was that banks were then able to provide credit to finance businesses and industry which boosted the American economy. Big business had considerable political influence and exerted pressure on the  government and states consequently passed laws to help big business. The government even extended protection through the Supreme Court such as keeping trade unions weak via super injunctions and the 14th amendment. This enshrined the rights and privileges of the individual, which allowed the development of a laissez-faire business culture. There were however a number of factors which supported the economy which were not directly related to big business. The development of agriculture across the Plains resulted in the cultivation of more land. Technological innovations such as barbed wire helped in this respect because land could be better protected. Innovations such as higher-yielding hybrid wheat made farming much more productive and profitable; this resulted in America becoming a ‘bread basket’ with surplus wheat for export. Likewise the development of technology such as refrigeration was important to farming and the economy. The development of the refrigerated rail car allowed perishable produce to be transported all across America. However, undoubtedly big business helped to fund and channel innovation into even greater profitability. Cheap labour, resulting from immigration, was particularly important to developing the economy and also brought additional skills to the country. As productivity increased trade with Asia created additional markets and demands for products. Indirectly advertising was another area that helped the American economy. Full page adverts in newspapers both in the USA and the rest of the world made people want products and therefore boosted sales and profits. Also the door-to-door salesman developed in this period as new products arrived fuelled demand. In conclusion big business was clearly extremely important in developing the American economy from 1890 to 1914 but many factors interrelate and arguably the government creating a capitalist free market economy through the political influence of big business was a major factor in helping businesses and the economy to grow.

Working for a Large Company

The number of people in the US who are quitting their corporate jobs to start their own businesses is growing. One recent best-selling book entitled Fire your Boss! seems to reflect the growing discontent with company life. Why are so many people going into their own businesses? One of the most frustrating things about corporate life is the bureaucracy. This is the administrative system of paperwork and red tape that keeps track of everything in the corporation.Any decision must be agreed upon by many people in different departments and levels of the company. This can be very frustrating for individual employees who want to have control over their own work. They can become exasperated when their good ideas get tied up for months in the bureaucratic machinery. Employees often long the freedom of being their own boss. Another depressing aspect of working for a corporation is the lack of job security.Contrary to business owners, employees in a large company can be fired at any time, for almost no reason. If there is a downturn in the economy, layoffs are likely to come. Even if a worker has done his best to serve the corporations, he could find himself fired without warning or explanation. When a person works for himself, however, he cannot be fired. The traditionally attractive fringe benefits of a corporate position have been decreasing in recent years as well.There was a time when landing a job at a top corporation meant the employee was assured of a good retirement. More and more these days, however, pension benefits are being cut to lower payroll costs. Workers are being forced to worry more about their own retirement plans. In the same vein, health care is another benefit that has started to evaporate. Health insurance premiums are rising, while covered medical conditions are shrinking. This means employees are paying more out-of-pocket expenses than before and getting less care in return.

Filipino People and Rizal Essay

Introduction: During Rizal’s time, he showed us what a real character of a woman is on those times. He told in one of his letter that from his infancy woman are with agreeable manners, beautiful ways, and modest demeanor. But he also told us that there was in all an admixture of servitude and deference to the words or whims of their so-called â€Å"spiritual fathers†, due to excessive kindness, modesty, or perhaps ignorance. They seemed faded plants sown and reared in darkness. The woman of Rizal’s time responded to the first appeal in the interest of the welfare of the people. Rizal said: now that you have set an example to those who, like you, long to have their eyes opened and be delivered from servitude, new hopes are awakened in us and we now even dare to face adversity, because we have you for our allies and are confident of victory. This term paper will discuss what are the identity of Filipina from the past and the women identity today. The significance of woman from the past who followed Rizal’s bravery to fight for their right and their characters, will also try to see what kind of woman identity should a Filipino have, the Filipino women in Rizal’s novel or some of our woman leaders of todays. What is a Filipina? Is she Asian or Western? Is she the reluctant leader Corazon Aquino, or is she the self-proclaimed â€Å"symbol of beauty for her people† Imelda Marcos? Is she the modern-day Gabriela Silang who envisions and works towards cross-sectoral changes, or is she one of the millions of faceless and nameless struggling multitude who does anything just to put rice on the table, the ordinary Juana de la Cruz? The implication of an early paradigm of gender character and equality may have, to some extent, begun the process of identity formation. On the surface, the Philippine myth does not seem to introduce the notion of conflict. What is projected is compatibility and harmony. Just when and how, then, did the problems of identity conflict for the Philippine woman come about? The language of the colonizer is found to not only serve as a vehicle for literary expression, but also for setting forth the idealized image of a Filipina from a male perspective. A brief glance at literature shows an evolution of sorts of the Filipina from the pre-colonial Maganda of indigenous folklore, to the early 1800s Laura who epitomizes beauty and faithful acceptance of her role as prescribed by culture, religion, and society; and to the fictional characterization of womanhood drawn from two works of historical fiction by Jose Rizal, Noli Me Tangere and El Filibusterismo. Although Rizal’s central protagonists in both novels are men, the significance of the women characters lies in their symbolic portrayals of a people of many images, of a country torn apart by race, culture, and class. In Rizal’s attempt to define a nation’s identity by addressing the need for national reforms and by exposing the evils of colonialism, he may have also encouraged the need to demystify the Filipina. The colonial Spanish period’s desired image of a Filipina is embodied in the character of Maria Clara–beautiful, demure, modest, patient, devoutly religious, cultured, submissive, and virginal. The blood that runs through her veins is more European than native. Her ancestry is noted since it has a bearing on the idealized model of a Filipina, the Roman Catholic’s Virgin Mary, and European and foreign. Maria Clara belongs to the elite; her kindness is not to be equated, however, with social awareness. She is a repressed woman and her weakness and despair over a lost love overwhelm her, enabling powerful and sinister forces to slowly drive her to death. Perhaps, to a certain degree, this â€Å"ideal† is still upheld today, contributing to the confusion of identity formation, for the original application of the character â€Å"Filipino† was only for Spaniards and their descendants who lived on the islands; the indigenous natives were simply called â€Å"indios. † The 19th century saw a character reversal process: the latter (â€Å"indios†) who have capitulated, are now called â€Å"Filipinos† while the former, mostly direct descendants of colonizers, now prefer to call them â€Å"Spanish. † The character Dona Victorina is a reflection of the triumph of colonialism–the alteration of behavior and thinking patterned after the character’s perception of a superior race. One hundred years ago, there was a Dona Victorina. Today, the trappings of a colonial mindset persist, and are expressed in the attraction to look Western and to consume Western goods. Dona Victorina is a characterization of lost identity. Her frivolity, and that of Paulita Gomez, who is greatly enamored by the trappings of the elite, who loves the man who could maintain the needs of her class, and who is a vain and flighty version of Maria Clara, may be seen today in the persona of Imelda Marcos. The likes of Imelda Marcos also mirror, ironically, another Rizal character, Dona Consolacion, who can be described as an interesting specimen of colonial deformation. She may serve as an example of â€Å"the dehumanization of the indio,† a case of total alienation from her original self, or from her potential self. The character Sisa also represents the opposite image of Paulita, a contradiction of the so-called high status and the liberated label describing the Filipino women today. She is the woman Mary Hollensteiner speaks of in her article, â€Å"The Wife†: quietly suffering from subjugation, sacrificing to put food on the table, living only for her sons. Sisa represents the silent victims of an oppression which drove her to madness and death. There are millions of Sisas in the Philippines today: the unfortunate women who are scavenging for food in the mountains of trash, the degraded women whose bodies are used as commodities, and the abused wives who are repeatedly beaten by their husbands. The other woman, Juli, emerges as the one character that chooses death over a life in shame. She suffers abuse and humiliation working as a servant to pay her family’s debt. She brings to mind the women of today who work for starvation wages. Juli refuses to be coerced; her death liberates her from oppression. Among these characters, perhaps Juli best characterizes a sense of purpose and identity. In Rizal’s characters, the women who seem to be able to obtain their desired needs no matter the consequences are Dona Victorina, Paulita Gomez, and Dona Consolacion. On the other hand, misfortune seems to be the fate of the women whose consciousness could be raised to levels higher than that of self-sacrifice. The all-giving attitude of Maria Clara, Sisa, and Juli leads them to their deaths. Within their social strata, each character is confronted with varying degrees of oppression which in turn defines the parameters of liberation. In their ambition to hold on to the symbols of the ruling class, the former group has made themselves seemingly strong and highly visible handmaidens of a system which feeds on varying levels of coercion and subjugation. The latter group’s retreat into death or madness carries two concurrent views: 1) the strength to exercise a final liberation as a form of defiance to oppression, and 2) the weakness and inability to confront any form of injustice. Who is more oppressed? Who has really liberated herself? Perhaps, what we are seeing is the notion that oppression has slowed down the process towards a national identity in general and towards a Filipina identity in particular. The reality is that the Philippines is a country still going through the throes of colonization. Indeed, there are those who have catapulted to the highest ranks, such as Corazon Aquino and Imelda Marcos, who embody differences in substance, style, and character. However, there are contradictions. Corazon Aquino’s high visibility, status, and power contradicts the image of a meek and subservient wife loyal to the memory of her husband; while Imelda Marcos, the â€Å"Iron Butterfly† of unparalleled extravagance, is a drastic contrast to the image of a once dutiful and subservient wife. Despite the fact that both overcame the traditional roles assigned to women of their social class by reaching positions of political power, they remain subservient to the memories of their husbands, but exemplify the interests of the class they represent. Class interest is perhaps the overriding difference between highly visible women, such as Corazon Aquino and Imelda Marcos, and the fervent activist women carrying the legacy of an intellectualized Gabriela Silang. While women in power and women working for empowerment both assert a heritage and demand a platform, the contradiction probably lies in the former’s subservience and the latter’s ability to address issues that cut across class lines. But class again diametrically separates political women from those who suffer in silence, such as the patient and self-sacrificing women who toil to feed their families, work in sweat shops, as vendors, scavengers, and prostitutes. There are also those who come faceless and nameless for they may flit and slide and go seemingly where the wind blows, all these, indeed a kaleidoscope of conflicting Filipina identities. Not only do Rizal’s novels provide a matrix for identity and conflict, they also allow a rare view of a people’s past which formed their culture today, and of a social cancer of which, up to the present, â€Å"the best cure† is still to be found. In the process of identity formation or perpetuation of identity conflict, the women in Rizal’s novels best serve as bridges in the development process, allowing the flow from the early 1800s mythical formation to the current emerging identity. The social, cultural and political context of both past and present are mirrored in the novels. The myth of the â€Å"high status† of the Filipina has caused Philippine women, wittingly or unwittingly, to become at times participants in their own oppression. This â€Å"containment by elevation† has allowed the essence of womanhood to be subjected to and dictated by rules and regulations formulated by and for the satisfaction of a colonial society. Philippine women find themselves attempting to wade out of a quagmire of confusion over their identity. Remembrance of Rizal is fast disappearing when it ought to be cherished and honored by all Filipinos. It was he who, more effectively than anyone else among his compatriots, unified the disparate inhabitants of our archipelago into one nation. It was he who made them share a common rage against the foreign intruder and a common aspiration for the freedom of their land. Rizal awakened the national conscience from its lethargy not through the force of arms but with the armies of his pen. These were the â€Å"Noli† and â€Å"El Filibusterismo,† his â€Å"Letter to the Women of Malolos,† his youthful poems for the Motherland, his â€Å"Mi Ultimo Adios† that he secreted in a lamp in Fort Santiago hours before his death, and other irrefutable accusations against the Spaniards. His words were like mighty legions that won for our country the freedom we now enjoy. Summary As we all see, that woman of today are very different from the past. Filipino women today are brave and strong enough just like Rizal to fight for what they think is right. There also some women from the past who fight for their rights like education but as compare today woman are more confident to stand. There are woman activist who really do what a Filipino woman can do to make a stand for their fellow poor Filipino people especially those people who are uneducated, they take everything to achieve their goals. Nowadays, we are now equal with man in almost everything most especially in terms of education, all people in our country, man and woman, rich and poor are now equal in getting education. Because of it we are now challenge to face the adverse circumstances and continued to fight for changes, not just to limit our roles as housewives but also to continue fighting for what is right, and that’s what a real Filipino woman identity today. Just like Rizal, he focused on self-improvement, showing to Spain and the rest of the international community that, given the opportunity to achieve their full potential, Filipinos could stand alongside the best in the world and were eligible for self-rule. Then he set out to apply what he had learned as an ophthalmologist, providing a basic service that was badly needed by his impoverished compatriots. In his writings he emphasized the importance of education, seeing it as the path to national progress rather than armed revolt. We all know that prudence does not consist in blindly obeying any whim of the little tin God, but in obeying only that which is reasonable and just, because blind obedience is itself the cause and origin of those whims, and those guilty of it are really to be blamed. Rizal said that God gave each individual reason and a will of his or her own to distinguish the just and the unjust, all were born without shackles and free, and nobody has a right to subjugate the will and the spirit of another. I hope we can revive the reverent sentiments of gratitude to him for his efforts in releasing us from foreign bondage. Political rhetoric is not enough to keep his heroism alive. Let us remember that he forsook the enticements of his youthful and gifted life and embraced instead the ultimate sacrifice for the welfare of his country. That is the best homage we can pay the greatest hero of our race. Conclusion The issue of racial equality is today hardly disputed in intellectual circles. During Rizal’s time, however, the claim that â€Å"all races are essentially equal† was a highly debated topic among anthropologists, biologists, and philosophers. The readers of his novels, essays, and letters are familiar with his portrayal and denunciation of Spanish colonial rule. His insistence on the education of the native Indios, the representation of the Philippines in the Cortes Generales, and more so the recognition of the civil rights of the Filipino are all based on the belief that there are neither â€Å"essentially† superior nor â€Å"essentially† inferior races. In this belief stems the conviction that his fellow Filipinos had the capacity for autonomy and enlightenment. The present Filipino youth must know that in order to make their presence felt, they must understand Rizal. To understand Rizal, they must have the spirit and motivation to do so. Without such spirit or motivation, they will never be able to understand Rizal’s objectives or even the other heroes who fought for equality and freedom for the sake of the Fatherland. I believe that the Filipino youth will be able to move the society through these implied teachings of Jose Rizal that will sprout a new love to the Filipino Hero, I admit that I only considered Rizal’s Life and Works as another general education subject that is needed to be taken. But what I get is more than just knowing Rizal, but also knowing my Filipino identity and that I must fight at all cost to defend my identity. A lot of what Rizal had dreamed of has now come true for many people in the state. He was already a modern democrat when he advocated participation in the state and society with education. Today, education is no longer a privilege among the small elite, for everybody’s participation in all public matters has become a right and duty. † One’s right to express him or her in all matters is founded on compulsory education with the required quality standards. References: Jose Rizal’s Writings in Europe and its message to the Filipino Youth Today Zaide, Gregorio F. & Zaide, Sonia M. 1998. Jose Rizal: Life, Works and Writings of a Genius, Writer, Scientist and National Hero. Capino, Gonzales and Pineda: Rizal’s life, works and writings:their impact on our National identity Colonization: It’s Impact on Self-Image Philippine Women in Rizal’s Novels and Today By Linda Acupanda McGloin.

Cereal Aisle Analysis Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

Cereal Aisle Analysis - Essay Example My observations are compiled in short statements in this report. First of all, there were ten different brands on display, out of which I could easily recognize three. These were Kellogg’s, Malt-O- Meal, and Cheerios. Among the Kellogg’s brand, and in the Breakfast Cereal category, there were 27 varieties of Breakfast Cereals, ranging from All- Bran to Mini – Wheat. Each one of them had their name and specialty prominently displayed on its cover. They were of distinct flavor and were available in five different sizes. The packets were specially designed to attract children. The focus on packing and labeling was such that many children were fascinated with them. (Kellogs, 2011) The second observation was that of brand Malt-O – Meal .The packing of Malt-O – Meal was very attractive and the shelves were segregated in two parts, cold and hot cereals. There was another category named Natural Cereal. On closer examination I found that they do not put artificial colors and used only natural preservatives. It gave a feeling that the company cares for the health of its customers. This made the choice easier, especially for the parents (MALT-O-MEAL, 2011) The third prominent brand which I observed was Cheerios. They had varieties for kids, parents, families and adults. I found it very interesting and observed that in the aisle only products meant for kids were stored. The packets were very well designed and as the name suggests, the labeling and packing conveyed the meaning of having fun (General Mills, 2011). I also observed the behavior of shoppers very minutely and there were six distinct behaviors which are worth mentioning here. In some cases, the children saw the displayed packets and took permission of their parents to go and have a look. Once they liked it, they took it out from the respective shelf and put it up for their parents to approve their choice. This type children were very well behaved and I did not find a singly parent declining the request of their children. The second behavior was different from the first one, in the sense that the children left their parents hand and simply grabbed the brand of their liking, In this case also, the parents were in agreement with the children’s choice but before they agreed, they did have a look at the brand and its label and read the nutritional value of the contents. In the third case, some children first grabbed the brand which they liked and then asked their parents for approval. This behavior was frowned upon by the parents. In the fourth instance, the children saw the brand, liked it but their parents were simply aghast with the choice and refused to buy it for them. Later on, after a lot of persuasion they did ask the

Impact of Legislation on Organizations Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Impact of Legislation on Organizations - Essay Example The procedures highlighted an analysed below necessitate the need for universal intelligence about risk and security management of data and information. Enactment of the EO pushes for the mandated action towards ensuring the systems put in place for public use implement a proper network security and resilience. The national data breach reporting for Department of Health and Human Services showcases the life cycle of a breach (Department of Homeland Security, 2013). This majorly entails information and content which highlights on the specific steps or criteria utilized in handling and resolving health information data breaches. The information system also has to improve the effectiveness and efficiency of the U.S. government’s operation framework put in place to secure the critical infrastructure plus make it more resilient. The White House’s cyber security draft proposal released in May 2011 included a data breach provision which highlights on the procedures and notification requirements that should be practiced by organizations in case of a data breach. The points to be analysed with regards to the EO legislative proposal are listed below: The Department of Health and Human Services in the United States are tasked with the responsibility of designing and putting in place a technological system which facilitates safe and secure data storage of client information. A neutral voluntary cyber security framework ensures that clients receive emails and notifications securely. The information security program executed but the Health and Human Services department is aimed at reducing the costs of handling data breaches (Department of Homeland Security, 2013). Data breach management and prevention can be achieved via implementing an automatic and responsive system that discovers and handles data breaches in a timely manner. Developing and employing this form of

Income statement and balance sheet Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

Income statement and balance sheet - Essay Example The business community has more accumulated wealth that the governments of the over 200 countries in the world combined.There are thousands of publicly traded companies been traded on Wall Street and international markets such as the London Stock Exchange every day. Due to the importance of these capital markets there is a need for professionals dedicated to financial reporting. Publicly traded companies have to prepare financial statements every accounting period. The normal accounting period is one year, but most companies also release quarterly financial statements. The four major financial statements are the income statement, balance sheet, statement of cash flow, and statement of stockholders equity. These four financial statements are included in the Annual Report of corporations. The purpose of this paper is to analyze and describe the income statement and the balance sheet. The income statement and the balance sheet are two interrelated statements. The outcome of the income s tatement affects the equity account of the balance sheet. The income statement is a financial report that provides information regarding the profitability of the company during an accounting period. The top figure in the income statement is sales. Sales are very important because they provide the economic asset needed to operate a business. The sales of the company are subtracted by the cost of goods sold. The subtraction of those variables is the gross profit. At the bottom of the income statement the operating expenses and taxes are subtracted from gross profit to arrive at net income. The income statement is a very valuable report because it indicates how well a business operation is doing in terms of financial success. The income statement reports the revenues and expenses of an enterprise during a natural or fiscal year. The top and bottom figures of the income statement are the two numbers investors look for which are sales and net income. The higher the figure of net income t he better off a company is financially. Net incomes help companies accumulate capital. The net income figure is transferred from the balance sheet to the stockholder’s equity section. The second major financial statement is the balance sheet. The balance sheet is considered a statement of position. This means that the figures illustrated in the balance are the account balances at a specific point in time. The three major components or categories within the balance sheet are assets, liabilities and stockholder’s equity. The internal structure of the balance sheet follows the logic of the basic accounting equation. The basic accounting equation states that assets are equal to liabilities plus stockholder’s equity. An asset can be defined as an item of economic value owned by an individual or corporation (Answers, 2011). The assets in the balance sheet are listed in order to liquidity. The most liquid asset is cash. Equipment and machinery are two examples of asset s. Machinery is a fixed asset that can be used to generate revenues. Assets can also be converted to cash by selling them. The liabilities of a company are short and long term obligations to financial institutions such as banks. It is preferable for a company to have a low level of debt. Debt instruments can be used to finance expansion projects. The debt section of the balance sheet is divided into short and long term liabilities. The last segment of the balance sheet is the equity section. The balance sheet and the income statement are prepared once the accounting department completes the accounting cycle. These two financial statements are extremely valuable pieces of information for the user of financial information. It is mandatory for public companies to release the financial statements at least once a year. The regulatory agency that foresees the financial actions of public corporations is the Securities and Exchange Commission (SEC). The data in the balance sheet and income statement can be used by financial analyst or anyone with financial knowledge to perform ratio, trend,

Skin problems related to makeup Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

Skin problems related to makeup - Essay Example Firstly, with regards to the use of makeup and the clogging of pores, this has an unhealthy affect for a number of reasons. First, due to the fact that the pores of the skin are the means whereby the skin is able to be moisturized and â€Å"breath†, clogging the pores has a negative affect not only on the health of the skin but on the aging process (Streamlining Beauty 88). Without being able to deliver the necessary moisture and oils to the surface, the aging process takes place at a faster rate as the skin loses its ability to be elastic and stretch. In such a way, even though the application of makeup is intended to make the skin more beautiful, as can be seen from the preceding discussion, it can actually have a diminishing return over time. As a means of understanding these determinants, ti is the hope of this author that the reader will be able to integrate a further and more complete understanding of makeup and its effects on skin health. ... The final health impact that makeup can have is related to allergic reactions on the part of the user. Although there is no way that any product can be made allergen free, by very nature of the diverse allergies that are exhibited by individuals, the fact of the matter is that many individuals are allergic to many of the thickening agents or minerals that are found within the common forms of makeup that are on the market today (Levy & Emer 175). Moreover, depending on the quality of the product, there are certain degrees of impurities that can be found within these products to a varying degree. As a function of this, the levels of pure ingredients that are interacting with the skin of an individual’s face are oftentimes unknown (Gray & Boothroyd 66). Due to the fragility and tender level of the skin that is exhibited on the face, as well as the fact that there are at least 7 orifices in the immediate vicinity, this is an especially worrisome point. As a function of these parti cular issues, the reader can understand that many of the negative skin health issues related to makeup are concentric around the overall cleanliness of the skin and/or the ability and desire of the individual user to ensure that they remove all makeup each and every night prior to going to bed. If this is engaged, the level and extent to which the pores will be clogged and the acne levels will increase will be reduced precipitously. However, with regards to the final issue that has been raised, the allergic reactions that many users experience when using makeup, this is not something that can be prevented or reduced. Ultimately, such a skin health issue is entirely dependent upon the environmental factors that determined the individuals