Women in Muslim Society :: essays papers

Women in Muslim Society1 ABSTRACTIn the western familiarity today there is a stereotypical belief thatIslamic women are treated unequally and cruelly. The object of thisreport is to challenge this stereotype and the argument of genderequality within the Islamic Religion/Muslim society.2 INTRODUCTIONThe status of women in the Muslim society is neither a new distinguish nor afully settled matchless. The position of Islam on this issue has been amongthe subjects presented to the Western reader with the leastobjectivity. This report is intended to provide a brief and truedisplay of what Islam stands for in regard to women within theirbeliefs. The teachings of Islam are based essentially on the Quran(Gods revelation) and Hadeeth (elaboration by Prophet Muhammad). TheQuran and the Hadeeth provide the basic source of authentication for whatever position or view which is attributed to Islam. This report focuseson the position of Islam regarding the status of cleaning lady in society 3 METHODOLOGYThe information of this report was obtained through&61623 Mullah, Hassan Ismahael- One of the priests (Mullahs) of theGold Coast Islamic community. Mullah Ismahael was approached with thequestion over equal rights within his religion and its typecasts. Inresponse he stated that he opposed these stereotypes for it is againstthe true meaning of Islam, Muslims do not believe in such inequalityand with this he was a main source of information quoting from theQuran and Hadeeth plus large his viewpoint in many aspects of thisreligion.&61623 Quran (Gods revelation) and Hadeeth (elaboration by ProphetMuhammad).&61623 Library resources&61623 The Internet4 WOMAN IN ISLAM4.1 The Spiritual Aspect The Quran provides clear-cut evidence that adult female is completely equated with man in the sight of God in terms ofher rights and responsibilities. The Quran states Every soul willbe (held) in pledge for its deeds (Quran 7438). It also states...So their Lord accepted their prayers, (saying) I will not suffer to be lost the work of any of you whether male or female. You proceed one from another ...(Quran 3 195).Woman according to the Quran is not blamed for Adams first mistake.Both were jointly wrong in their disobedience to God, both repented,and both were forgiven. (Quran 236, 720 - 24). In one verse in fact(20121), Adam specifically, was blamed. In terms of religiousobligations, such as the Daily Prayers, Fasting, Poor-due, andPilgrimage, woman is no different from man. In some cases indeed, womanhas certain advantages over man. For example, the woman is exemptedfrom the daily prayers and from fasting during her menstrual periods

Influential Tube :: Essays Papers

Influential TubeTime has brought about a new previous(prenominal) time for this generation of children. Within the grab bag of run out shows, one(a) has surfaced to be the most talked about and harshly recognized. The infamous Jerry Springer show. The Jerry Springer understand has perfected the ability to taint our airways with unfavorable materials. The show could have a damaging effect on children because it contains the ingredients that can influence them to adopt the unacceptable behaviors of its guests. more mature viewers, unlike children that feel the show is a great source of entertainment, see that the guests are being exploited for rating and revenue purposes.Jerry Springer, the host of his self-titled talk show, joins his guests in using obscene language and distasteful phrases. Their choice of words can range from the cruel to vulgar and implied to the bold and direct. In this atmosphere, the quests attire and appearance somehow seem to perfectly match their h arsh language. From the initial dashing entrance, towards the audience or previous guest, to the last blow of the shows air, one witnesses an ongoing process of public humiliation. The behaviors of the shows instigating host and untamed quests are embarrassing. In the battlefield of bleeps and permitted obscenities, nothing is being said or hear in the midst of the blind-sided licks, object-tosses, and kicks, nothing is being resolved. Rather than the show being entertaining, it becomes more unbearable as it progresses. If I was privileged to ask the Springer Show producer one question, it would be, Does the show have an audience? The gladiators of the show seemed to be cued as to when to make an appearance from the audience, in which seems like rejected venire guests. They are full of rage at the panels comments, lifestyle, and/or behavior so they try to reach and beat their understanding into the face of a defensive guest, ready for battle. With these actions being far from funny and closer to ridiculous, the gladiators are shadowed by the comedic half of the audience whos purpose is to laugh at all the actions of the show and occasionally crack a sour joke over the hosts hand held microphone. When all seems to fail and energy is at crucial levels, for ratings sake, the power suppliers come to the rescue. They are the portions of the audience that feed the show its energy.

Philosophy of Education- Written from a Teachers Perspective :: Philosophy Education

A persons philosophy of education shapes what one thinks about education, how one delivers what he thinks and why one thinks the vogue he does about education.My experience as a teacher and guidance officer has led one to think about education and develop a philosophy that centers on the learner.I confide that education is preparing the learner for life and not just life but a well-balanced, well-adjusted life. I also believe that students should be able to cope with and deal with lifes challenges, they must have a purpose to life, a code for right and wrong, a warmness to fight against injustices and at the same time appreciate beauty, the aesthetics and traditions.In my view, a philosophy that is known or unknown to the to the teacher influences teaching styles and method. I have never really given serious thought about philosophy at education during my career until this moment. In retrospect, I would have taught my students to be disciplined in all aspects of life. I have use d as a theme, Do unto others as you would have them do unto you because I believe in fairness and justice. My students have also learned too to discover, to experiment to be a team player and to realise they can think for themselves and make certified choices.As a guidance officer, I have helped students to understand that life is beautiful, but there are also so many challenges to which they have the privileged resources to handle. I constantly explain to my students that their life must be balanced it should include a little of everything.My philosophy assessment results in some shipway reflect my beliefs about education. I had very close scores in three of the educational philosophies (Perennialism - 17 Progressivism 17 Reconstructionism 18). This is rather interesting because I identical the traditional way of doing some things, for example, telling stories to children. Added to this, some things like good manners never change and yet I welcome the modern constructivist w ay of teaching and learning.Students should be exposed to diversity and reconstruct what ideas they would have had on certain issues. A very simplified example is that all over the world, strain is consumed it would be preposterous to think that the only way to eat rice is with a fork or spoon. The students that interact with others and experience other cultures would have a balanced life.

Comparing Seamus Heaney’s Digging and Eavan Borland’s In Search of a Nation :: Comparison Compare Contrast Essays

Comparing Seamus Heaneys Digging and Eavan Borlands In Search of a Nation Seamus Heaneys Digging and Eavan Borlands In Search of a Nation focus on issues involving identity. Bolands essay reveals an individual uncertain in her personality, sexuality, and nationality while Heaneys poem depicts a man who recognizes his familys melodic phrase of field laborers yet chooses the pen over the shovel. The benefit of reading the two works vis-a-vis reveals how Ireland has influenced their lives. Heaneys use of archeological site provides different metaphorical images. For example, as Heaney sits at the window he hears a clean rasping sound When the spade sinks in to gravelly ground My sire, digging. I look down 5 Till his straining rump among the flowerbeds Bends low, comes up twenty years away Stooping in rhythm through potato drills Where he was digging (3). Heaney emphasizes the aspect of time claiming that his father has been laboring for twenty years. He implies that during th e twenty years a shift took place from the potato drills to flowerbeds. The shift represents the possible hideaway of his father from fieldwork to something more recreational, e.g. gardening, and hints at mortality. The image of a flowerbed invokes a flower arrangement for a gravesite. The imagery coupled with the use of past tense up indicates that his father has passed away. In addition to the aspect of time the fact that he is listening to his father dig suggests a sense of oral tradition that has been passed on to him. Heaney describes his father as being Just like his old man linking himself to his own grandfather (3). Though he has non actively participated in his fathers laboring Heaney would have been able to hear the stories of working in the potato fields. As a result Heaney has learned the historical 1importance of the previous generation. Boland relates salubrious with Heaney in terms of a tradition that in her case is more literary than oral. In her teen years afte r reading the poem The blast by Padraic Pearse she unearths deeply seeded emotions of Irish patriotism What I see is the way a poem about nationhood has suddenly included me The inclusion is not by address or invocation but by a sweeping and self-proposing act of language that speaks to all the longings I have for grandiloquence and sure thing (53).

Against drugs :: essays research papers

Drugs should not be legalized because there would be an increase in drug abuse due to its availability. Legalized drugs would become cheaper and more appealing to people who previously had not tried drugs. Addicts who tend to stop, not by choice, would not stop because drugs would be more accessible if legalized. The result of drug abuse is thousands of addicts in denial. The correct news is that the United States had 286 one million million dollars and 81,762 drug seizures due to drugs alone, but the bad news is that the number of prisoners has reached 70 percent which will cost the taxpayers 30 million dollars a year to put them in jail annually. (U.S. Department of Justice 1996). Also will the drugs call for an effect on the worlds future children if made legal. thither is a higher possibility of drug abuser parents if drugs are made legal. For several decades drugs have been one of the major problems of society. There have been escalating views on the warfare against drugs and countless dollars spent on rehabilitation, but the problem still exists. Not only has the problem increased but drug related problems are on the rise. Drug abuse is a killer in the country. Some are addicts, while others become users. Has drug abuse played a part in criminal activity? If so how? What will happen to our society, if drugs are legalized? Legalization of drugs is not in the future of the country. Why does the idea of legalization appear and appear when there is so little support for it? Some proponents of legalization are seeking to normalize the behavior of drug- taking, and many of them are people who use, or have used drugs with little significant impact. Many proponents are wealthy members of the elite who live in

Against drugs :: essays research papers

Drugs should not be legalized because there would be an increase in drug evil due to its availability. Legalized drugs would live on cheaper and more appealing to people who previously had not tried drugs. Addicts who tend to stop, not by choice, would not stop because drugs would be more accessible if legalized. The egress of drug abuse is thousands of addicts in denial. The good news is that the United States had 286 million dollars and 81,762 drug seizures due to drugs alone, moreover the bad news is that the number of prisoners has reached 70 part which will cost the taxpayers 30 million dollars a year to put them in jail annually. (U.S. Department of Justice 1996). Also will the drugs have an belief on the worlds future children if made legal. There is a higher possibility of drug abuser parents if drugs are made legal. For several decades drugs have been one of the study problems of society. There have been escalating views on the war against drugs and countless dollar s spent on rehabilitation, but the problem still exists. Not only has the problem increased but drug related problems are on the rise. Drug abuse is a killer in the country. Some are addicts, while others become users. Has drug abuse played a part in criminal activity? If so how? What will happen to our society, if drugs are legalized? Legalization of drugs is not in the future of the country. wherefore does the idea of legalization appear and reappear when there is so little support for it? Some proponents of legalization are seeking to normalize the behavior of drug- taking, and umpteen of them are people who use, or have used drugs with little significant impact. Many proponents are wealthy members of the elite who live in

Karen van der Zee’s book “A Secret Sorrow” Essay

The last two chapters of Karen van der Zees book, A Secret Sorrow, are very eventful. Chapter Eleven begins with Faye, one of the main characters, horrified by the question her boyfriend has just asked her. Kai, Faye?s boyfriend, has found a slip of paper that has slipped let out(a) of Faye?s wallet the previous Saturday morning. The slip of paper is from twist around Martin recommending her to a psychiatrist by the name of Doctor Jaworski. Earlier in the book, Faye had a car accident that left her infertile, this is why she has seen the Doctor Martin. Her boyfriend Kai has no idea she is infertile. Faye doesnt want to tell him because she knows he looks forward to having children and she thinks he might not want her bothmore. He is asking her about the referral slip given to hither by Doctor Martin to see a psychiatrist. She is so terrified when he asks her about the slip that she collapses and bursts into tears. She finally tells him about her infertility. She is so overwhelmed by telling him she runs out and takes his car to her brother raise. Karen van der Zees excerpt has many important aspects which keeps the reader involved in the invoice.One important aspect of the first few lines of the fabrication is how the reader discovers the seriousness of the conflict. The narrator explains that Faye could feel the blood drain from her face and how the room tilted and swirled which signifies the seriousness of the dialogue. This leads the reader to realize that Faye is in an extremely wound up state of mind and that the conflict between the couple is very serious. Panic in the introduction seems to be the element that grabs the reader?s attention until they come involved in the story.Another important aspect of the story is the way the narrator explains the physical contact between Faye and Kai. The narrator is very important because it brings out the romance in the story and gives the reader the loving feeling. The narrator draws a mental picture for th e reader by explaining Kai holding Faye with his hands that are fond(p) and strong on her back and tears silently running down Fayes cheeks. This gives the reader that sort of romantic feeling which is appealing.The most important aspect of the story is the end. It is typical for mostromantic stories to have one of the main characters find the other and confess their love. This romantic story has a different approach. Kai walks to Fayes brother house and sits down beside her on the bed and tells her that she is his ?first and only choice?. He tells her that he loves her no matter what and they can always adopt children.Chapter Twelve, the final chapter, comes to a close with Kai and Faye sitting on the front porch of their home watching there adopted children. As they watch them Kai kisses Faye and says, Theyre true originals, like their mother. I wouldnt want it any other way.? In conclusion, the exerpt from the book A Secret Sorrow by Karen van der contains all of the fine elemen ts of popular literature. Many people have tiff reading stories that are written in dialogue but this story can be easily read.

The Importance of Poetry

Laura E. Smith Ms. Rachel MacN solelyy English Honours 11th January 11th, 2012 The Importance of song To each person, poetry has a varied signifi hatfulce and importance in their life. Some people whitethorn value poetry highly while others may consider it as something of lesser importance. The importance of poetry in nows literary society is substantially important because it has an ability to express the thoughts and emotions of a drop a liner through flowing words. through with(predicate) step to the fore history, poetry has been important because it gives us a historical representation of what previous generations found beautiful, important, or profound.It can show us words and concepts from the past. Poetry can even depict historical events. Poets in the past may suck written a poem after a big event had occurred and by reading their poems, we can face how the event affected everyday people. As Ralph Waldo Emerson once said Poetry, above any other art form, comes closest to fulfulling the goal of art. Art is the representation of the unrepresentable. Through language, space, and metaphor poetry is able to skirt the edges of capturing an ever changing worlds beauty and ugliness better than any other art form. Many people may ask themselves, is poetry closest to fulfilling the goal of art? The reason is because anyone can write it without being judged because there is a variety, and so many ways to write poetry. From free verse to haikus, structured poems to couplets, the sky is the limit. Anyone can write poetry because it is your approximations and emotions that you are letting flow onto a piece of paper. The variety of poems allows people to be able to fashion their own combinations for writing poetry and ultimately creating their own unique style. Its shortness can be a vehicle to convey an idea that longer pieces may not fully capture.Poetry captures the urgency of a moment in the life of the writer. The art of poetry has always surrounded us, ever since we were itsy-bitsy children. We began by listening to our parents sing us Nursery Rhymes which at the end of the day are fun poems that we all remember. Communication is essential for life to continue. So the reading and writing of poetry is very involved with the interplay and dialogue between humans. Without poetry, life would be a very long lecture on morality. It is a way for young writers to let off steam and dream without being judged.It is also a way for an adult writer to express their madness, regrets, desires, aspirations and belief system. Poetry is the deep and powerful expression of the human condition it encompasses all emotion, all modes of living it can be mourning or celebration, song or scream, disclosure or denial, acceptance or resistance,and sometimes all of these at once. Poetry puts your observations, opinions, and even train of thought out in the open. Once people enter how you think, they might have a feeling of why you say what you say, do wha t you do, or react like you do.This can prevent misunderstandings. Poetry can brace it easier to step into the shoes of someone else. Due to this, poets are some of the first voices to protest social and political injustices they are some of the first to mourn losses, ethnical and personal and they are some of the first to rejoice in the wonders of the living in and for the world. Unlike most forms of literature, poetry conveys more emotion than logical progression. Its the line of business of songs, and is an indispensable way to express ones self since it is unbound by rules on grammatical clarity and precision.Poetry is perhaps one of the most versatile of literary forms since it can convey great emotion, lyrical aesthetic, and a story all at the same time. It is some sort of a midpoint between songs and stories. And yet for all its magic, poetry is found in our daily speech. It uses words that are known to all of us, but in a sequence and order that surprises us out of our nor mal speech rhythms and linear thought processes. Its effect is to illuminate our lives and breathe new life, new seeing, new tasting into the world we thought we knew.Poetry allows children and adults alike to research the English language. Mixing words in sentences to find the right fit to create a sense of rhythm and flow. Poetry is real. Real people have written it to express real emotion that is normally hidden. Poets write to show that people have felt certain things before which someone else may be experiencing at another time. A poem allows you to see beyond the surface. Sometimes this is done through metaphors or other abstract ways which cause you to actually think. Beauty is expressed, and art is emphasized through poetry.Finding and using words to fit exactly how you want them to takes time and thought. When people read poetry, they have a incident to really see the world with some of the bells and whistles stripped away it lets them concentrate on the details which re main. Poems often describe life and illuminate aspects of it using flashes of imagery. Finally, poetry is a kind of multi-dimensional language. It is directed at the whole person, not just at his understanding. It must involve the readers senses, intelligence, emotions and imagination.Poetry achieves its extra dimensions per word by employing devices including metaphor, allusion, sound, repetition, rhythm, irony, symbol, connotation and imagery. utilise these resources and the materials of life, poetry, in its highest form, comes alive on the page. Poetry is important because it tries to render things that arent easy to express in words. It does this by making use of attributes of language which arent usually seen to instill deep thought and contemplation. In a sense, poetry uses words as doors to many possibilities. It carries our imaginations or stirs new dreams. Mainly, it extends the power of words to communicate.

Outline for Speech on Giraffes Essay

Specific Purpose To inform students everything they ever needed to know ab away giraffes. Central Idea giraffes ar one of the most interesting mammals out there and there ar many reasons why including their image and appearance, their behavior and lifestyle, and their distri onlyion and habitat. IntroductionAttention Material Ever since I was a runty girl, I cod gone to the buffalo zoo every summer. I have always been completely and utterly mesmerise by the huge creatures to the powerful of the zoo entrance. Every time I go, still to this day, it takes a lot to persuade me to leave that exhibit. There is something so magical about these giant creatures. Something passing intriguing. The way that they stand so tall, and present themselves so calmly. Its almost calming just to be well-nigh this animal. Reveal the Topic This animal I am talking about is the giraffe. Credibility I have done extensive research on these animals over the past few weeks and I have always had a pass ion for them. Preview the remains Today I pass on tell you how interesting the anatomy and appearance of the giraffe, their lifestyle, and their habitat back be.BodyLets start with the anatomy and appearance of the giraffe. The giraffes outside appearance is what makes this animal so recognizable. There is no other animal like it. a. Everyone recognizes the giraffe by its coat. Each giraffe has whiteish yellow skin with brownish or reddish markings that cover the entire body except for their inflict legs. Each giraffe has unique markings that are unique to that individual and to their species of giraffe. Just like there are no two snowflakes that are the same, there are no two giraffes that are the same. These spots vary in size, shape, color, and amount of white that is around them.b. Giraffes have the greatest range of vision of any area animal, this is partly due to how tall they are.c. Their height is used to their advantage. Worlds tallest mammal They grow to about 20 feet tall. That would be like taking four of me and stacking them on screening of each other The proportion of their body is 9 feet long for their neck and head, 5 feet for their torso, and 6 feet for their legs They use their height and their 21 inch black patois to reach the highest of branches.The giraffes anatomy is very unique as well.a. Would you believe me if I said that a giraffes neck has the same number of vertebrae that you do? Well we both(prenominal) have 7 vertebrae. The giraffe just has longer and larger vertebraeb. Giraffes also have incredible confert to carry around. Their heart weighs 25 lbs, and their neck weighs 550 lbs alone. Giraffes weigh on average anywhere from 1500 to 4250 lbs.c. Female giraffes have a gestation period of 15 months. When they give birth, they have to do it standing up and the mollycoddle will fall 5 to 6 feet to the ground. It can stand within 30 minutes, and within a half of day it will run across the savannah with its mother. The secon d thing that makes giraffes so interesting is its lifestyle. The giraffes behavior and lifestyle are kind of grouped together. a. The giraffes large size means it must happen most of its time eating. On average, a giraffe consumes 77 lbs of food a day. They are herbivores and live on leaves from up to 60 different species of plants and trees but the most common tree for them to eat from is the Acacia tree. The giraffe first catches a branch in its mouth. It then pulls back its head to get a tasting of leaves. They break anywhere from 16 to 20 hours a day.b. The giraffe gets 70% of their water intake from their food so they have to make whoopie very little. To drink they have to spread their legs and bend over just to get their head close enough to the ground to drink. This puts them in a vulnerable position to their biggest threats the lion and the crocodile. These animals can drink 12 gallons of water in 1 sitting. They only need to drink water every couple days though. They ca n go longer than camels can without waterc. Giraffe are most active in the early morning and late afternoon but also feed at night in bright moonlight. However, unlike many of Africas wild animals that disappear under shady trees during the heat of the day, the giraffe continues browsing and because of their size, they can be spotted throughout daylight hours. They just try to stay out of the heat of the day.d. They get 30 minutes of sleep each day. They only sleep for about 5 minutes at a time as well.e. There is a myth that says Giraffe are usually silent. This is not true, they bellow, grunt or snort when alarmed, as well as when confronted by lions, and can also moo in distress.f. Giraffes have a peaceful nature. This is seen when males fight. The master never chases the loser. When the fight is over, the two males rub muzzles. They then rest together. They ra confide fight, But when they do fight, it is something unlike any other. They fight by necking. They fluctuate their n ecks into eachother repeatedly until one decides to walk away. It is violent but no one usually gets hurt.g. They are capable of running at a speed of approximately 35 miles per hour over short distances and are one of the few mammals that walk by pacing which is by simultaneously carrying both feet on the left(a) side forward and then simultaneously moving both feet on the right side forward. The final thing about giraffes is their habitat.The giraffes habitat is unique to them.a. Giraffes are social animals, and they live in open herds and travel in packs of 5 or 6. When there are a lot of leaves on the trees the giraffes scatter around to enjoy it. However, once winter approaches and food begins to become scarce, they congregate and live together to collectively look for food.b. Previously found even in sum Africa, today the remaining Giraffe populations are restricted to parts of sub-Saharan Africa with the largest concentrations being found in National Parks. Giraffes inhabi t open woodlands and savannah where development their height they are able to see for great distances around them to watch out for approaching danger.c. Despite being the tallest land animal in the world, the Giraffe is actually preyed upon by a number of large carnivores that co-inhabit the dry savannah. Lions are the primarily predators of the Giraffe that use the strength of the whole pride to catch their victim. Giraffes rely on the vast open plains so that they can have the best view possible of their surroundings but if a predator does get to a fault close, Giraffes kick their attacker with their large, heavy feet to defend themselves.d. In their natural habitat, they will live for about 15 years, but in a zoo they will live much longer than that.ConclusionIn conclusion, Giraffes are one of the most interesting mammals out there and there are many reasons why, including their anatomy and appearance, their lifestyle, and their habitat. The next time you get the chance to go t o the Buffalo Zoo, take time to stop and watch the giraffes because I guarantee you will be mesmerized just like me.

Impact Of Motivational Rewards on Employees Essay

MOTIVATIONInternal and external factors that stimulate desire and energy in people to be continually interested and act to a job, role or subject, or to make an driving to attain a goal. Motivation results from the interaction of both conscious and unconscious factors such as the (1) fervency of desire or need, (2) incentive or reward value of the goal, and (3) expectations of the individual and of his or her peers. These factors are the reasons one has for behaving a certain way. An example is a educatee that spends extra time studying for a test because he or she wants a better grade in the class.MOTIVATION IN BUSINESSCompanies loaferful motivate employees to do a better job than they otherwise would. Incentives that can be offered to staff include increased buy off or improved functional conditions. Motivational theories suggest ways to encourage employees to work harder. A motivated workforce results inIncreased output caused by extra effort from workers. change quality a s staff take a greater pride in their work. A higher level of staff retention. Workers are keen to tolerate with the firm and also reluctant to take unnecessary days off work. Managers can influence employee demand in a variety of ways fiscal factors some staff work harder if offered higher pay. Non monetary factors other staff respond to incentives that allow nothing to do with pay, eg improved working conditions or the jeopardize to win promotion.BACKGROUND OF THE STUDYReward Systems is a vital aspect of any brass instrument. They can actively engage and renew the overall sense of union and mission of an organization Reward transcriptions according to Sziligyi 1981, are outcomes or events in the organization that satisfy work related needs. Rewards dodges are much more than beneficial bonus plans and stock options but while they often include intrinsic incentives, they also include extrinsic. A well-organized reward system ordain motivate and come alive employees becau se it recognizes the achievements of employees . Reward system implemented by organization willinfluence employees behavior and attitude towards their job if the rewards satisfy their needs and help them to reach their individual(prenominal) goals. When employees desire to derive the rewards, they will change their behavior in order to achieve the minimum level of performance required by organization.Organizations often instauration and implement the reward system without linking it with the ultimate improvement of organizations performance .Therefore, the reward system is unable to contribute significantly to the performance of an organization Motivation is such a factor that exerts a driving force on our actions and work. According to Baron (1983) motivation is an accumulation of different processes which influence and institutionalise our behavior to achieve some specific goal. Motivation depends on certain intrinsic, as well as, extrinsic factors which in collaboration resul ts in fully committed employees. Incentives, rewards and recognitions are the prime factors that impact on employee motivation.The factors like incentives and rewards are the most preferred factors for employee motivation programs Rewards is one of the important elements to motivate employees for contributing their best effort to generate innovation ideas that lead to better business functionality and further improvise company performance both financial and non-financially. Today an organizations result is highly symbiotic on the employees work motivation. It is therefore important for a company to find out what motivates its employees so that it can plan a suitable reward system and gain better results. The right combination of intrinsic and extrinsic rewards can boost up the employees work motivation and enhance their commitment to the company.COMPANY PROFILESKASBITKASBIT one-on-one Limited is the parent body of KASBIT that was established in September 1999, through Registration with Securities & Exchange Commission of Pakistan, Government of Pakistan. It is the first Private Sector install of Higher reproduction that was registered as a Corporate body. Since its inception, KASBIT has achieved many a mile-stones that advocate its high standard, excellence and quality recognition. KASBIT is Chartered by the Government of Sindh and recognise by the Higher Education Commission of Pakistan, which has also awarded the highest category W(4) rating to KASBIT in recognition of the high reproductional standards that it maintains KASBIT isrecognized by the Higher Education Commission of Pakistan and has been awarded the highest ranking of W(A) under whom the standards of educational institutions are scrutinized and evaluated in Pakistan. KASBIT became a member of the Association to Advance Collegiate Schools of Business (AACSB), which is based in the US to ensure the quality and continuous improvements in collegiate management education. KASBIT was certified by ISO in January 2002 in recognition of the high quality control system that it has in place. By this virtue, KASBIT became the first ISO-9001 Certified Degree Awarding Institute in the Private Sector of Pakistan.BAHARIA UNIVERSITYPakistan Navy established Bahria Institute at capital of Pakistan and Karachi in the late eighties. These Institutes were aimed at providing quality and uninterrupted education up to Intermediate level, to the children of naval personnel on their transfer from one station to some other and in turn to contribute to the cause of promotion of education at the national level. Over the years these Institutes grew in size and facilities, leading to the starting of BBA and B.Sc(CS) classes in 1995. These programs have since been upgraded to BBA (Hons), BCS (Hons) and MBA, MCS Program which were introduced in Fall 1997 as evening programs run under the management of two independent Institutes one each at Karachi and capital of Pakistan respectively. The institutes are known as Bahria Institute of Management and Computer Science short title BIM&CS suffixed with the location i.e. Karachi or Islamabad. ObjectivesBahria University, though very young, has the will and determination to develop and attain the objectives set forth below Ensure academic excellence through quality education in disciplined and still learning environments. Establish Campuses, Research Institutes, Schools and Colleges across the length and breadth of Pakistan to turn population explosion into intimacy based force. Prepare the younger generation to plough future leaders and managers for a prosperous and educated Pakistan, through development of their mental, moral and professional strengths. Ensure academic excellence through quality education in disciplined and peaceful learning environments. Constantly monitor and upgrade facilities and updatethe curricula to keep pace with the emerging trends and technologies. Coordinate and provide facilities for exchange of knowled ge and applied research in the newly emerging fields in collaboration with national and international Universities and research institutes. RESEARCH AREAHuman imaginativeness (HR)OBJECTIVEFind out to what extend does employees performance influenced by motivationPROBLEM STATEMENTDecreasing Employees performance & mirth due to lack of motivational factors that drives employees productivity level at its best in educational sector.KEY RESEARCH QUESTIONS1. What Is the Relationship between Employees Performance and motivation?2. How many types of motivation that drives employees productivity?3. What Is the Effect of Intrinsic motivation On Employees Performance?4. What is the Effect of Extrinsic motivation On Employees Performance?5. What measures can be taken to increase employees motivation level?6. What are the factors behind the low productivity of employee?7. What should be the behavior of employer towards the employees job satisfaction?IN reliant VARIABLESIntrinsic Motivation1. designation2. Learning opportunity3. Career advancementExtrinsic Motivation1. Basic Pay2. Performance BonusDEPENDENT VARIABLESEMPLOYEES PERFORMANCELIMITATIONInsufficient FundsSmall sample sizeTime barrierHardly possibility that organization will provide trusty information regarding their employees Research can take place only within the cityBeing a students its hard to get perfect information regarding their whole scenario of problemDE-LIMITATIONSRespondents will not provide appropriate responseEmployees will feel insecure while sharing their organizations tiptop of view. Time consciousCity situationsSCOPE OF THE STUDYThis study will provide a better understanding to employers who have been facing employees low productivity level they can get a better understanding of how motivational factors can influence an employees performance level that ultimately helps in step-up of organization. This study will helps organization to increase employees performance through a perfect combina tion of intrinsic or extrinsic motivational factors. And it can be use in different dimension of business where employers are facing low productivity of employees.HYPOTHESISH1 Recognition has an impact on Employees Performance.Ho Recognition has not impact on Employees Performance.H1 learning opportunity has an impact on Employees Performance.Ho learning opportunity has not impact on Employees Performance.H1 Career advancements have an impact on Employees Performance.Ho Career advancements have not impact on Employees Performance.H1 Basic Pay has an impact on Employees Performance.Ho Basic pay has not impact on Employees Performance.H1 Performance bonus has an impact on Employees Performance.Ho Performance bonus has not impact on Employees Performance.

Marriage and Percent Cohabitation Increase Essay

Cohabitation is living together and having a sexual relationship between unmarried couples. Cohabitation is legal in some untaught and illegal in the others, it is illegal in our country Lebanon. The number of couples who are in cohabiting relationships has steadily risen throughout the end of the 20th century and the lineage of the 21st as the social, religious and political attitudes to cohabitation outside of marriage have changed.Couples live together without marriage for several reasons. According to statistics the share of cohabitated couples in Lebanon is change magnitude Recent figures have shown a 12 percent cohabitation increase from 1970 until early 2003, (The Daily Star Lebanon News http//www. dailystar. com. lb). Cohabitation should be legalized in our country. First of all, cohabitation can be a preparation for marriage or a good experience for the couples.After cohabitating a period with your partner you will be able to square off to break up or to marry him/her . Living together with your partner will let you know all the good and the bad habits of him/her, cohabitation will make water you a good idea about your life when you will marry your partner, and it will show you the difference between dating your partner and getting married.The percentage of divorce in Lebanon is increasing in the last years, some couples are married in 3 or 4 months after they met first, cohabitation could be the termination of this problem, these couples can cohabit 3 or 4 months and then they will decide to get married or to end the relationship. Without cohabitating, it is extremely hard for a couple to have an assumption about each others.

Assignment: Assigning Evaluation and Management Essay

Initial consultation is performed for a 78-year-old woman with undetermined weight loss, type AB pain, and rectal bleeding. A comprehensive history and examination is performed.99205- The patient is a new patient who needs a comprehensive mensuration of data. The patient has unexplained symptoms, so it is very important to get the history in order to help figure out what may be causing these symptoms.A 30-year-old found patient presents complaining of flu-like symptoms characterized by unremitting cough, sinus pain, and thick nasal discharge. A detailed examination reveals bronchitis and sinus infection. The patient is prescribed a 5-day head for the hills of Zithromax.99214- The patient is an established patient who is experiencing flu-like symptoms. The patient must have a detailed examination in order to figure out what the diagnosis is, it could be a multiple amount of different things. The risk was moderate because the patient was prescribed medication for 5 days and sent ho me.Established patient on Lithium presents for routine blood work to monitor therapeutic levels and kidney function. A nurse briefly reviews the results and advises the patient that tests are normal, and no change in venereal disease is indicated. 99211- The patient is an established patient and is returning to do routine blood work. The patient probably is required to provide the minimal amount of data. Since the patient has go in to only check on the therapeutic levels and kidney functions and to do blood work it is minimal.A 62-year-old diabetic female presents to her primary care physician for a bandage change of a wound on her left foot. A problem-focused examination reveals the wound is healing. The nurse applies a new dressing and patient will return for a check-up in one week.99212- The patient is an established patient and this code was chosen becauseit was a problem-focused examination, but straightforward. The patient had a minimal amount of risk due to the fact that sh e has diabetes and it is important to heal any wounds that may be on your feet. You can lose your foot if the wound is not treated.A mother brings in her 6-month-old male child for his first routine wellness check. A problem-focused history and examination reveals the child to be in good health and making adequate progress.99215- The patient is an established patient because the child is 6 months old and has probably been seen before. The visit was comprehensive and the medical decision was of high complexity. This was resolved because of the childs medical history.ReferenceThe McGraw-Hill Companies, (2008). Procedural Coding Introduction to CPT, p.161-165. Retrieved July 17, 2010 from University of Phoenix

Male Gaze

Assign custodyt How bind women been visualized through photography? 16/01/2009 How shake off women been portrayed through photography? The contemplate deals with how the audience views the people premiseed in optical culture, in this case, concerns, snips and Cinema. The male person gaze is the male ability to exercise control all over women by reconcileing them in visual means as passive, inner objects of male desire. The power of men over women has al demeanors existed. They are seen as the more than powerful and clever species. This control over women has been seen predominately in linguistics senses in past times.It is clear that there are more derogatory terms for women than there are for men. Men can as well as wolf whistle or cat-call in order to harass a woman provided there is no such response for women. Men in any case have more linguistic power over women due to their social status in advanced(a) society. In more current times men have turned to visual arts to implement their control and power over women. In this essay I hope to demonstrate how women are and have been portrayed in relation to the male gaze and how it is still very prevalent in contemporary modern culture through photography and opposite mediums, such as, cinema and advertising.I will be analyzing the photographic work of Cindy Sherman, E. J. Bellocq, advertisement and the written work of Laura Mulvey and John Berger. Traditionally imagined, written and produced by men, advertisements have long depicted women as men want them to be, sexy, obedient, fragile, instead of as they actually are. In this way, the male gaze is very predominant in modern advertising. John Berger put it in Ways of Seeing, Men act and women appear. Men look at women. Women watch themselves being looked at. i When women look at themselves in modern advertisements, they are encouraged to view themselves as a man might view them.Women have very few roles in the reality of advertising. in general t hey are portrayed as domestic providers who do not make significant decisions, are dependent on men, and are essentially sex objects. This traditional commission of women is a problem, not because it is wrong to want women to be sexy or striking but rather because their beauty is being defined as a means to male power through strategic admiration. Most adverts on television and in magazines have pretty, sexy women with the idea being that if you deal what they are selling than you will get the girl in the avert, or in a womans case, be the girl who gets her man.A salutary example of this is cigarette advertising in this case I will be looking at a 1960s ad campaign by Tiparillo. This campaign showed an off screen man offering a variety of women a choice in cigarettes and small text at the bottom of the advert discussing the cigarette but also a crude comment on the women pictured. The women appear to play strong roles, a Lab Technician, Librarian and Violinist, but the male gaze i s clear as though they may have strong positions, they are still portrayed as sexual objects.In the advert Tiparillo M 1967 we see on first glance is what appears to be a strong, smart lab technician, the glasses help emphasise that she is intelligent. She is photographed from her cleavage upwards, The model dons a gormless expression, though it is stated why she may have this expression on her looking at in the text accompanying the advert, Underneath that pocket of pencils beats the knocker of a digital computer, here we are made aware the women is actually a robot.This puts the women in the position of being passive, being programmed by the man. The way the male character is displayed off screen puts an emphasis on the spectator and how he identifies with the main male protagonist, he projects his look onto that of his life, his screen surrogate. ii the last metre in the text is which Tiparillo are you going to offer? Or are you just going to stand there and stare at her pe ncils? This comment is obviously referring to staring at the womans chest, the pencils are in line with her breasts.Cindy Sherman first came to prominence in the late 197 0siii, when Sherman produced her Untitled Film Stills, which spotlights the complexities of the young-bearing(prenominal) persona as soon through the lens of the media. With the photographs she takes of herself, she impersonates various characters and shows us the numerous roles women play in our world. In her pictures she depicts women as housewife, sex symbol, lover, victim, monster and more, and causes us to reflect upon how we perceive women.The characters Sherman portrays, lighting, clothing and expressions are cliche of what is present in cinema, so much that viewers of her work have told Sherman that they remember the movie that the visit is derived from, yet Sherman having no film in mind at all. iv Thus showing that her word has a pastiche of past cinematic genres, and how women are portrayed in cinem a and photography and how Sherman has manipulated the male gaze around her images so they become ironic and cliche. Laura Mulvey understands Shermans Untitled Film Stills as to be rehearsing this mental synthesis of the male gaze, The camera looks it captures he female character in a parody of different voyeurisms. It intrudes into effects in which she is ungraded, sometimes undressed, absorbed into her own world in the privacy of her own environment. Or it witnesses a moment in which her guard drops and she is suddenly startled by the presence, unseen and off-screen watching her. v Voyeurism is most seeming Shermans work, in Untitled Film Still, 2 the shell is a young Sherman wrapped in a towel, which is draped from her back, revealing her buttocks if the image was to be taken a second later.Sherman stands before her bathroom mirror, touching her shoulder and following her own gesture in its reflected image. viThe way Sherman has positioned herself, sassing fairly open, a lon ging gaze, her hand caressing her shoulder, head tilt back, neck extended and in a profile position, the reflection appears to an extract from an neck of Vogue. A door is visible in the left of the image this puts the viewer come inside room, peering in at a moment where the subjects guard is down, a moment of privacy and emotion.In 1981 Sherman produced a series of images called Centrefolds here Sherman photographed herself in series of narratives which have a soft-core pastiche to her Untitled Film stills and association her horizontal inning to that of the format of cinemascope. In this series Mulvey focuses on the characters and the masquerade of felinitys interior, The young women that Sherman impersonates may be daydreaming about a future romance, or they may be mourning a lost one. They may be waiting, in enforced passivity, for a letter or a telephone call. Their eye gaze into the distance.They are not aware of their clothes, which are sometimes carelessly rumpled, so tha t, safe alone with their thoughts, their bodies are, slightly revealed to the viewer. vii Untitled 96 shows Sherman sprawled out on a titled floor, or so merging in with her orange ensemble, a warm tone on her skin also matching her outfit. Sherman is gazing dreamily out of frame whilst clutching (what could be) a personals ad torn from a newspaper. Krauss states that, like Jackson Pollock, Sherman disturbs this verticality by using a downward camera angle in her photographs.Yes, the angle makes one aware of the horizontal, but it also emphasizes the vertical (power/domination) position of the viewer in relation to the apparent weakness of the horizontally inclined woman (Sherman). viii Shermans Centrefold photographs have a to-be-looked-at-ness of femininity. Unlike with Shermans Untitled Film Stills which have a fake narrative, the subjects would always be looking of of frame, so that the camera doesnt drawn any unwanted attention, giving it that film aesthetic.Where Shermans 19 81 Centrefolds do the opposite, they announce themselves as photographs, and in a pin-up, the models eroticism, and her pose, are directed towards the camera, and ultimately towards the spectator. ix Sherman only thought of the relation of the male gaze in her 1981 work Centrefolds, The horizon/ centrefold type pictures I did, were meant to resemble in format a centrefold, but in content I wanted a man opening the magazine to suddenly look at it in expectation of something lascivious and then feel like the violator they would be. Looking at these women perhaps as a victimI didnt think of them of victims at the time. I am trying to make someone feel bad for having this sort of certain expectation, and so that is the only real time Ive consciously thought of the male gaze. x Sherman wants the viewer, in this case the male spectator, to feel wrong for applying the gaze, and stereotyping women into a passive, victim, love inexorable women which is often depicted in both cinema and phot ography. When opening the magazine Sherman wants to feel like a violator, having expected sexually orientated image, by almost walking in on someone in a private moment.In one of Shermans more recent works, Untitled 276 we see her represent Cinderella, a famous female from western fairy tale. Sherman portrays this childhood character her in a way that is radically different from any other representation and is polar opposite to that of say Disney. The only similarity mingled with Disneys Cinderella and Sherman as Cinderella is their blond hair. Disneys portrayal of Cinderella is innocent, sweet, modestly dressed in a beautiful night-robe and jewels with a perfectly proportioned body stereotypical for an attractive female, waiting for her prince to come and take her away from her problems.However, Sherman is made up to look like a whats could be resembled as white trash, her dress is see through and her breasts (presumably fake) are visible. Her legs are spread inviting the specta tor and there is large blackened area between her legs, which could possibly be (knowing Sherman) pubic hair. She looks anything but innocent as she assumes a confident, sexually charged attitude in a take me or top me kind of posture. She looks like she could give a damn if her princes comes and perhaps she wouldnt even acknowledge him if he did arrive.Ironically, she is holding a white lily, the traditional symbol of purity White lilies represent the purity of the Virgin Mary. The Angel Gabriel was often painted presenting Mary with a white lily when he announced to her that she would give birth to the word of honor of God. xi Here Sherman has depicted a more realistic male depiction of what Cinderella would look like. I think that this reaction is typical a symbol of the sexism present in society, traditional beauty is good, a whore, unconventional beauty, a promiscuous woman and nudity is bad.E. J. Belloqs images of prostitutes taken the town of Storyville, New Orleans in th e early 1900s encapsulate the male gaze. xii All the photographs are portraits of individual women. Some are nude, some dressed respectably, and others posed as if playacting a mysterious narrative. Even though Belloqs images contain nudity, this is not where the male gaze is prevalent, its the fact that his subjects are prostitutes and their sole function is to advertise what the body has to offer.The way Belloq has photographed his subject is in a documentary style, unlike where Sherman has taken a film narrative to her images, Belloq photographed his subject full frame and frontal. Untitled 01 is of young women elegantly laid out on a chaise-lounge. Apart from the Zorro like mask she is only wearing black stockings and what appears to be a wedding ring. This image is a prime example of the male gaze. The way she is laid out, naked, facing the camera so that she is displaying her goods to her client.Her face is covered by a mask, is can be seen as to protect her identity, but al so is can be related to women as a sexual object. This image has a come-hither quality, a relaxed pose and an inviting smile, with just enough room for the client/ spectator to sit on the chaise-lounge. The first things what strikes the viewer in Untitled 02, is that the face of the prostitute has been scratched out. Susan Sontag stated that these pictures of blacked out faces are actually painful to look at, at least for the viewer.But then I am and women xiii Even from a males point of view I do find these image subjective to women as without a face there is no identity, purely and object of sexual desire. The scratched out faces can be seen as violent towards women. The woman in the picture seems to have a back slightly arched and hand behind her head. She could be tying her hair or extenuating her breasts for the spectator, in this case the client. The woman appears to be quite petite, possibly young, by chance thats the reason why the face has been scratched away?We can conclu de that the male gaze has been used throughout Photography, from both male (Belloq ) and female (Sherman) perspective, but both have used the male gaze in different ways. Belloqs has used it unconsciously through his documentary/portraiture images, which depicts women as more of a sexual object and something to be desired. Where Shermans has used it consciously through her well composed narrative images, taking the stereotypical ideals of women and photographed them in a cliche style which is all but apparent in past and present cinema. i . John Berger, Ways of Seeing (London BBC, 1974) ii . Laura Mulvey, A Phantasmagoria of the female Body The Work of Cindy Sherman, New Left review, vol. 188 July/August 1991 pp. 8 iii . http//www. artfacts. net/index. php/pageType/exhibitionInfo/exhibition/13349/lang/1 Accessed 28 December 2008 iv . Listbet Nilson Q & A Cindy Sherman, American photographer, September 1983 p. 77 v . Laura Mulvey, A Phantasmagoria of the Female Body The Work of Cindy Sherman, New Left review, vol. 88 July/August 1991 pp. 5 vi . Cindy Sherman 1975 1993 Rosalind Kraus, Rizzoli International Publications, 1993 pp. 56 vii . Laura Mulvey, A Phantasmagoria of the Female Body The Work of Cindy Sherman, New Left review, vol. 188 July/August 1991 pp. 5 viii . THE SHERMAN PHENOMENA The Image of Theory or a Foreclosure of dialectical Reasoning http//www. brickhaus. com/amoore/magazine/Sherman. html Accessed 29 December 2008 ix . Laura Mulvey, A Phantasmagoria of the Female Body The Work of Cindy Sherman, New Left review, vol. 88 July/August 1991 pp. 6 x . Ovation TV Cindy Sherman, Nobodys Here But Me http//www. youtube. com/watch? v=Xsow0QaKJAM Accessed 28 December 2008 xi . http//painting. about. com/cs/inspiration/a/symbolsflowers. htm Accessed 04 January 2009 xii . whole meal flour Clarke, The Body in Photography, chapter 7 of The Photograph (Oxford Oxford University Press, 1997), pp. 123-144 xiii . Bellocq Photographs from S toryville, the Red-Light District of New Orleans susan sontag http//www. masters-of-photography. com/B/bellocq/bellocq_articles2. html

The Women of Colonial Latin America

The Book is rich with topics describing opportunities and challenges that shaped the lives of women in Latin America influenced by Spain and Portugal. Engagingly written by Socolow the book can be a in truth useful reference for teachers of Latin American Studies. The beak abounds with historical discipline covering effects of conquests, colonization, and firmness of purpose of colonial women. It looks into the various percentages played by women stressing on their responsibilities and duties as well as their limitations.It gives light as to how factors like race, social status, occupation and environment among others affect women in e real circumstance. I would say the piece is one whole powerful presentation. Socolow being a member of the gender in discussion gives weight down to the whole intellectual experience. The book might have a different feel if it was written by a man. Socolow made sure that she started her book with an attention grabbing Introduction. I think everyon e who has read would agree that it is very effective.It is very perceptive but not overly dramatic, it hands the reader all the needed information to the last detail but not to the point that it becomes dreary. The author can be likened to a nonrecreational cab driver expertly maneuvering a vehicle full of passengers to an intended destination. Chapter One, Iberian Women in the middle-aged World and the New is an interesting historical account of how key players in history changed womens role across meter.Chapter Two, Before Columbus Women in Indigenous America and Africa is an enlightening and at the same time intriguing description of history. Chapter Three, Conquest and Colonization documents the hardships and brutality experienced by women during war. All the other Chapters viz. Women, Marriage, and Family, Elite Women, The Brides of Christ and Other Religious Women, Women and Work, Women and Slavery, Women and Social Deviance Crime, Witchcraft, and Rebellion, Women and En lightenment Reform bear the same keen observation and consistency of purpose.The book seems just historical at first but it has more than than just historical information. I would say it is a must read for those who wants to understand how the role of women win from early Spanish conquest to what it is presently. The author use easy and simple language that her ideas just scarper from page to page. All in all Socolows The Women of Colonial Latin America New Approaches to the Americas is a rich book that surely gets its readers hooked.

Defining Security

Defining Security Security comes from a broader subject referred to planetary Relations which is the study of all political cooperation that occurs between asserts that have their own presidency, transnational organizations with or without government influence, and some wealthy separate individuals. Security Studies concerns itself with a sub-set of those political interactions marked by their particular enormousness in terms of maintaining the surety of musician (Hough 2008 2).Depending on the emergency of security of an actor will consider how a government or country will act on the security measure. For example, concerns relating to health and rights of the plurality will be at top on the global political agenda compare to opposite events such as natural disasters or mass killings are rarely seen as security concerns. It exp cardinalnt be of importance to the people that these events are happening to, but non to the people not world regarded. There are four main para digms of transnational Relations that affect issues in security.Those paradigms are Realism, Pluralism, Marxism, and cordial Constructivism. Realism is the sight process that states should be self-centered, competitive, and should look after themselves and not trust any other states. The state should do anything within its reach to expand its top executive in wherever possible cosmos in multitude or scotch sectors in order to secure themselves and be at the top. Realists tend to respect governments that separate the spunky and low government activity and best serve the national interest.Low politics such as health issues, welfare, and other issues of that sort should be dealt at a domestic level and is separate from high politics, such as war. The idea globalization in the 60s and 70s took International Relations to a different perspective because not only did they have to deal with military agency issues but now they had economic power issues to worry about. Thats where Neo-Realism demonstrable. Neo-realism relieve maintained the self-centered come along on the states but also included the idea to expand their powers beyond the sector of military and focalisation on to the states economy.In addition to Realism, another paradigm that affected issues in security was Pluralism. Pluralism was developed from a group of scholars that believed that Neo-realism had developed far enough from Realism. Pluralists believed that the pursuit of military power and economic power by a state, which was the idea derived from the thinking of Realism was too simple. Pluralists, as the term implies, consider that a plurality of actors, earlier than just states, exert influence on the world tier (Hough 2008 4).Pluralism, which was built from the idea of liberalism, stated that the interests of individuals would be better served in an environment where their own governments would stop controlling their lives. Unlike realism, pluralists thought of low politic conce rns as priorities for International Relations. The paradigm of Marxism focused more(prenominal) on economic concerns rather than military or any other power. Marxism viewed globalization to an idea of the past there was nothing in the altogether in the idea of globalization.Globalization was just a different way to demonstrate that the states with large economies would exploit the smaller ones. sort of like the bigger kid bullying the smaller kid. In a Marxist perspective, wars were fought for economic purposes which indicated that military power was used for economic gain instead for security. Social constructivism came into play in the 1990s after there were many unsatisfied in the other paradigms. Social constructivism favors a more sociological approach and advocates a greater appreciation of the cultural dimension of policy making (Hough 2008 6).It argued that world stage actors did not follow any type of rational script rather, foreign policy reflects parochial ideological or moral guidelines rather than objective gains (Hough 20086). In the wide and narrow conceptions of security, the varied range of brats to earthly concern have changed the whole perspective of international security, which previously had been found just on military based issues. Ullman described that a threat to security was solely based on two factors the first, any threat that lowered the quality of a states people and second, any threat that narrowed the policy choices of any actor of the state.After the Cold War, some traditionalist suggested for security studies to go back to basics instead of widening their security measures to low politics issues, they should stick to high politics issues such military threat. The widening of security did not undermine the realist logic of conventional security studies. The focus was still on the state system and sightedness relationships between states governed by power. Widening was simply extending the range of factors that affect st ate power beyond the contain of military and trade affairs (Hough 2008 8).As for the realist, the ideology stayed the same. The main focus was still in the states issues and its people, but as for the widening it, it was just the extension of some issues that affected states power, beyond military issues. The deepening of security was driven by pluralists and social constructivists which believed that the concept of human security should be based on the individuals need that makes up the different groups that exist and not the actors issues.With that being said, the Copenhagen School philosophy cannot be resolved by the thought of the pluralists and the social constructivists which shifts the idea of security from the states to the people. enchantment accepting the idea that non-military issues can be securitized and that the referent object of this can be something other than a state, maintains the logic that only the state can be the securitizing actor (Hough 2008 9).The state w ould be the only one to determine if the issue that is being securitized is an existential threat and if needs to be acted upon. The securitization of issues must be heady by the states government and be prioritized by if its a low or high politics issue. As mentioned in the book, South Africa was one of the first countries that shifted away from military anteriority to a health priority. The proportion of South Africas (GDP) Gross Domestic Product spent on military defense is 1. 5 per cent and the overall proportion on health is 3. percent (UNDP 2002). Today, military threats in some countries are still their priority but global leaders are still able to balance their military and health expense. In conclusion, Security comes from a broader subject referred to International Relations. The paradigms that affect issues in security are realism, pluralism, Marxism, and social constructivism, having realist being the one which has dominated the study of security focuses on military se curity and to serve the states best interest.Although the Marxist idea was to focus more on economic issues instead of military or any other issues, the pluralist and the social constructivist perspective changed the spectrum of international security from what was once solely based on military issues had broaden to other low politics issues such as concerns relating to health and rights of the people, so basically shifting the idea of security from the states to the people.In the end, the securitization of issues must be determined by the states government and must be prioritized by if its a low or high politics issue. Workcited Hough, Peter. 2008. Understanding Global Security (2nd Edition). New York Routledge. United Nations instruction Programme http//www. undp. org/

The Twilight Saga 2: New Moon Chapter 18 THE FUNERAL

I SPRINTED DOWN THE STAIRS AND THREW THE DOOR open.It was Jacob, of course. Even blind, Alice wasnt slow.He was standing approximately six feet back from the opening, his thump wrinkle in distaste, except his lawsuit otherwise smoothmask the equivalent. He didnt adopt me I could lift up the faint trembling of his pass ons.Hostility turn off of him in waves. It brought back that horrendous afternoon when hed chosen Sam over me, and I felt my chin jerk up defensively in response.Jacobs Rabbit idled by the curb with Jared behind the wheel and Embry in the passenger seat. I mum what this meant they were afraid to let him come here al ane. It make me sad, and a little annoyed. The Cullens werent like that.Hey, I at ultimately said when he didnt speak.Jake pursed his lips, silent hanging back from the admittance. His eye flickered across the front of the house.I motive my teeth. Shes non here. Do you film something?He hesitated. Youre alone?Yes. I sighed.Can I talk to y ou a minute?Of course you can, Jacob. Come on in.Jacob glanced over his shoulder at his friends in the car. I maxim Embry shake his creative thinker full a tiny bit. For some fence, this bugged me to no end.My teeth seize together once again. Chicken I mumbled under my breath.Jakes eyeball flashed back to me, his thick, black brows pushing into a trigger-happy angle over his deep-set eye. His jaw set, and he marchedthere was no other air to describe the way he movedup the sidewalk and shrugged previous(prenominal) me into the house.I locked gazes with first Jared and then EmbryI didnt like the profound way they look me did they really think I would let eachthing impairment Jacob sooner I shut the door on them.Jacob was in the hall behind me, staring at the mess of blankets in the living means.Slumber party? he asked, his tone sarcastic.Yeah, I answered with the same level of acid. I didnt like Jacob when he acted this way. Whats it to you?He wrinkled his nose again l ike he smelled something unpleasant. Wheres your friend? I could hear the quotation marks in his tone.She had some errands to run. Look, Jacob, what do you involve?Something ab divulge the room seemed to make him edgierhis long legs were quivering. He didnt answer my question. Instead he moved on to the kitchen, his restless eyes darting eitherwhere.I followed him. He paced back and forth along the ill-considered prognosticate.Hey, I said, chuckting myself in his way. He stopped pacing and stared down at me. Whats your problem?I dont like having to be here.That stung. I winced, and his eyes tightened. so Im sorry you had to come, I muttered. wherefore dont you tell me what you need so you can die?I scarce bind to ask you a couple of questions. It shouldnt transmit long. We have to get back for the funeral.Okay. conduct it over with then. I was probably overdoing it with the antagonism, scarcely I didnt want him to see how lots this hurt. I knew I wasnt being fair. After all, Id picked the bloodsucker over him ending night. Id hurt him first.He took a deep breath, and his trembling fingers were utterly still. His memorial tablet smoothed into a serene mask. whizz of the Cullens is staying here with you, he stated.Yes. Alice Cullen.He nodded thoughtfully. How long is she here for?As long as she wants to be. The belligerence was still there in my tone. Its an open invitation.Do you think you could please explain to her about the other oneVictoria?I paled. I told her about that.He nodded. You should k direct that we can moreover watch our own lands with a Cullen here. Youll only be safe in La Push. I cant protect you here eithermore.Okay, I said in a small articulate.He looked away then, out the back windows. He didnt continue.Is that all?He unbroken his eyes on the glass as he answered. Just one more thing.I waited, but he didnt continue. Yes? I finally prompted.Are the rest of them overture back at a time? he asked in a cool, quiet voice. I t re promontoryed me of Sams always calm manner. Jacob was becoming more like Sam I wondered wherefore that bothered me so a lot.Now I didnt speak. He looked back at my strikingness with probing eyes. rise up? he asked. He struggled to conceal the tension behind his serene expression.No. I said finally. Grudgingly. They arent coming back.His expression didnt change. Okay. Thats all.I glared at him, annoyance rekindled. Well, run along now. Go tell Sam that the scarey monsters arent coming to get you.Okay, he repeated, still calm.That seemed to be it. Jacob walked swiftly from the kitchen. I waited to hear the front door open, but I heard nonhing. I could hear the clock over the stove ticking, and I marveled again at how quiet hed become.What a disaster. How could I have alienated him so completely in such a short amount of clipping?Would he forgive me when Alice was gone? What if he didnt?I slumped against the counter and buried my boldness in my founders. How had I made su ch a mess of everything? But what could I have done differently? Even in hindsight, I couldnt think of any anticipateter way, any perfect course of action.Bella ? Jacob asked in a troubled voice.I splited my face out of my hands to see Jacob hesitating in the kitchen doorway he hadnt left when Id thought. It was only when I saw the clear drops reflect in my hands that I realized I was crying.Jacobs calm expression was gone his face was sickish and unsure. He walked quickly back to stand in front of me, ducking his degree so that his eyes were closer to being on the same level with mine.Did it again, didnt I?Did what? I asked, my voice cracking.Broke my promise. Sorry.Sokay, I mumbled. I started it this time.His face twisted. I knew how you felt about them. It shouldnt have taken me by surprise like that.I could see the revulsion in his eyes. I wanted to explain to him what Alice was really like, to defend her against the judgments hed made, but something warned me that now was non the time.So I just said, Sorry, again.Lets non worry about it, okay? Shes just visiting, right? Shell leave, and things impart go back to normal.Cant I be friends with you both at the same time? I asked, my voice not hiding an ounce of the hurt I felt.He shook his head slowly. No, I dont think you can.I sniffed and stared at his big feet. But youll wait, right? Youll still be my friend, compensate out though I love Alice, too?I didnt look up, afraid to see what hed think of that last part. It took him a minute to answer, so I was probably right not to look.Yeah, Ill always be your friend, he said encrustedly. No number what you love.Promise?Promise.I felt his arms wind slightly me, and I leaned against his chest, still sniffling. This sucks.Yeah. Then he sniffed my hair and said, Ew.What? I demanded. I looked up to see that his nose was wrinkled again. why does everyone keep doing that to me? I dont smellHe smiled a little. Yes, you doyou smell like them. Blech. Too swee tsickly sweet. And icy. It ruin my nose.Really? That was strange. Alice smelled unbelievably wonderful. To a compassionate, anyway. But why would Alice think I smelled, too, then?That wiped his smile away. Huh. peradventure I dont smell so good to her, either. Huh.Well, you both smell fine to me. I rested my head against him again. I was departure to miss him terribly when he walked out my door. It was a nasty catch-22on the one hand, I wanted Alice to stay forever. I was going to diemetaphoricallywhen she left me. But how was I supposed to go without seeing Jake for any length of time? What a mess, I thought again.Ill miss you, Jacob whispered, echoing my thoughts. Every minute. I hope she leaves soon.It really doesnt have to be that way, Jake.He sighed. Yes, it really does. Bella. You love her. So Id better not get anywhere near her. Im not sure that Im even-tempered enough to handle that. Sam would be mad if I broke the treaty, andhis voice turned sarcasticyou probably would nt like it too much if I killed your friend.I recoiled from him when he said that, but he only tightened his arms, refusing to let me escape. Theres no loony toons in avoiding the truth. Thats the way things are, Bells.I do not like the way things are.Jacob freed one arm so that he could cup his big dark-brown hand under my chin and make me look at him. Yeah. It was easier when we were both human, wasnt it?I sighed.We stared at each other for a long moment. His hand smoldered against my skin. In my face, I knew there was vigour but wistful sadnessI didnt want to have to aver goodbye now, no matter for how short a time. At first his face reflected mine, but then, as neither of us looked away, his expression changed.He released me, lifting his other hand to brush his fingertips along my cheek, trailing them down to my jaw. I could feel his fingers tremblenot with resentment this time. He pressed his palm against my cheek, so that my face was trapped between his burning hands.Bell a, he whispered.I was frozen.No I hadnt made this decision yet. I didnt know if I could do this, and now I was out of time to think. But I would have been a fool if I thought rejecting him now would have no consequences.I stared back at him. He was not my Jacob, but he could be. His face was familiar and beloved. In so many real ways, I did love him. He was my comfort, my safe harbor. proper(a) now, I could choose to have him belong to me.Alice was back for the moment, but that changed nothing. True love was forever lost. The prince was never coming back to kiss me awake from my enchanted sleep. I was not a princess, after all. So what was the fairy-tale protocol for other kisses? The mundane kind that didnt break any spells?Maybe it would be easylike holding his hand or having his arms around me. Maybe it would feel nice. Maybe it wouldnt feel like a betrayal. Besides, who was I betraying, anyway? Just myself.Keeping his eyes on mine, Jacob began to bend his face toward me. And I was still perfectly undecided.The shrill ring of the phone made us both jump, but it did not break his focus. He took his hand from under my chin and reached over me to grab the receiver, but still held my face securely with the hand against my cheek. His dark eyes did not free mine. I was too muddled to react, even to take service of the distraction.Swan residence, Jacob said, his husky voice low and intense.Someone answered, and Jacob altered in an instant. He straightened up, and his hand dropped from my face. His eyes went flat, his face blank, and I would have bet the measly remainder of my college f and that it was Alice.I recovered myself and held out my hand for the phone. Jacob ignored me.Hes not here, Jacob said, and the spoken language were menacing.There was some very short reply, a betoken for more information it seemed, because he added unwillingly, Hes at the funeral.Then Jacob hung up the phone. Filthy bloodsucker, he muttered under his breath. The face he turned back to me was the bitter mask again.Who did you just hang up on? I gasped, infuriated. In my house, and on my phone?Easy He hung up on meHe? Who was it?He sneered the title. Dr. Carlisle Cullen.Why didnt you let me talk to him?He didnt ask for you, Jacob said coldly. His face was smooth, expressionless, but his hands shook. He asked where Charlie was and I told him. I dont think I broke any rules of etiquette.You listen to me, Jacob BlackBut he apparently wasnt listening. He looked quickly over his shoulder, as if someone had called his name from the other room. His eyes went wide and his eubstance stiff, then he started trembling. I listened too, automatically, but heard nothing.Bye, Bells, he spit out, and wheeled toward the front door.I ran after him. What is it?And then I ran into him, as he rocked back on his heels, cussing under his breath. He spun around again, knocking me sideways. I bobbled and fell to the floor, my legs tangled with his.Shoot, ow I protested as he hur ryly jerked his legs free one at a time.I struggled to pull myself up as he darted for the back door he suddenly froze again.Alice stood motionless at the foot of the stairs.Bella, she choked.I scrambled to my feet and lurched to her side. Her eyes were dazed and utmost away, her face drawn and whiter than bone. Her slim body trembled to an inner turmoil.Alice, whats wrong? I cried. I put my hands on her face, trying to calm her.Her eyes focused on mine abruptly, wide with pain.Edward, was all she whispered.My body reacted speedy than my mind was able to catch up with the implications of her reply. I didnt at first understand why the room was spinning or where the hollow roar in my ears was coming from. My mind labored, unable to make understanding of Alices bleak face and how it could possibly relate to Edward, while my body was already swaying, seeking the relief of asphyxia before the reality could hit me.The stairway tilted at the oddest angle.Jacobs furious voice was sudden ly in my ear, hissing out a stream of profanities. I felt a vague disapproval. His new friends were all the way a bad influence.I was on the couch without understanding how I got there, and Jacob was still swearing. It felt like there was an earthquakethe couch was shaking under me.What did you do to her? he demanded.Alice ignored him. Bella? Bella, snap out of it. We have to hurry.Stay back, Jacob warned.Calm down, Jacob Black, Alice ordered. You dont want to do that so close to her.I dont think Ill have any problem keeping my focus, he retorted, but his voice sounded a little cooler.Alice? My voice was weak. What happened? I asked, even though I didnt want to hear.I dont know, she suddenly wailed. What is he thinking?I labored to pull myself up despite the dizziness. I realized it was Jacobs arm I was gripping for balance. He was the one shaking, not the couch.Alice was pulling a small silver phone from her bag when my eyes relocated her. Her fingers dialed the numbers so fast th ey were a blur.Rose, I need to talk to Carlisle now. Her voice whipped through the words. Fine, as soon as hes back. No, Ill be on a plane. Look, have you heard anything from Edward?Alice paused now, listening with an expression that grew more appalled every second. Her lip opened into a little O of horror, and the phone shook in her hand.Why? she gasped. Why would you do that, Rosalie?Whatever the answer was, it made her jaw tighten in anger. Her eyes flashed and narrowed.Well, youre wrong on both counts, though, Rosalie, so that would be a problem, dont you think? she asked acidly. Yes, thats right. Shes absolutely fineI was wrong Its a long legend But youre wrong about that part, too, thats why Im calling Yes, thats exactly what I saw.Alices voice was very hard and her lips were pulled back from her teeth. Its a bit late for that, Rose. Save your compunction for someone who believes it. Alice snapped the phone shut with a sharp twist of her fingers.Her eyes were tortured as sh e turned to face me.Alice, I blurted out quickly. I couldnt let her speak yet. I needed a few more seconds before she spoke and her words destroyed what was left of my life. Alice, Carlisle is back, though. He called just beforeShe stared at me blankly. How long ago? she asked in a hollow voice.Half a minute before you showed up.What did he verbalize? She really focused now, postponement for my answer.I didnt talk to him. My eyes flickered to Jacob.Alice turned her penetrating gaze on him. He flinched, but held his office next to me. He sit awkwardly, roughly as if he were trying to shield me with his body.He asked for Charlie, and I told him Charlie wasnt here, Jacob muttered resentfully.Is that everything? Alice demanded, her voice like ice.Then he hung up on me, Jacob spit back. A tremor rolled down his spine, shaking me with it.You told him Charlie was at the funeral, I reminded him.Alice jerked her head back toward me What were his exact words?He said, Hes not here, and whe n Carlisle asked where Charlie was, Jacob said, At the funeral.Alice moaned and sank to her knees.Tell me Alice, I whispered.That wasnt Carlisle on the phone, she said hopelessly.Are you calling me a liar? Jacob baffling from beside me.Alice ignored him, focusing on my bewildered face.It was Edward. The words were just a choked whisper. He thinks youre dead.My mind started to work again. These words werent the ones Id been afraid of, and the relief cleared my head.Rosalie told him I killed myself, didnt she? I said, sighing as I relaxed.Yes, Alice admitted, her eyes flashing hard again.In her defense, she did believe it. They rely on my sight far too much for something that works so imperfectly. But for her to track him down to tell him this Didnt she realize or care ? Her voice faded away in horror.And when Edward called here, he thought Jacob meant my funeral, I realized. It stung to know how close Id been, just inches away from his voice. My nails dug into Jacobs arm, but he did nt flinch.Alice looked at me strangely. Youre not trouble oneself, she whispered.Well, its really rotten timing, but it will all get straightened out. The next time he calls, someone will tell him what really I trailed off. Her gaze strangled the words in my throat.Why was she so panicked? Why was her face gimmick now with pity and horror? What was it she had said to Rosalie on the phone just now? Something about what shed seen and Rosalies remorse Rosalie would never feel remorse for anything that happened to me. But if shed hurt her family, hurt her brotherBella, Alice whispered. Edward wont call again. He believed her.I. Dont. Understand. My mouth framed each word in silence. I couldnt push the air out to actually say the words that would make her explain what that meant.Hes going to Italy.It took the length of one heartbeat for me to comprehend.When Edwards voice came back to me now, it was not the perfect imitation of my delusions. It was just the weak, flat tone of my memori es. But the words alone were enough to atom through my chest and leave it gaping open. Words from a time when I would have bet everything that I owned or could borrow on that fact that he loved me.Well, I wasnt going to live without you, hed said as we watched Romeo and Juliet die, here in this very room. But I wasnt sure how to do it I knew Emmett and Jasper would never help so I was thinking maybe I would go to Italy and do something to provoke the Volturi You dont irritate them. Not unless you want to die.Not unless you want to die.NO The half-shrieked denial was so loud-voiced after the whispered words, it made us all jump. I felt the blood rushing to my face as I realized what shed seen. No No, no, no He cant He cant do thatHe made up his mind as soon as your friend confirmed that it was too late to ease you.But he he left He didnt want me anymore What difference does it make now? He knew I would die sometimeI dont think he ever planned to hold up you by long, Alice said q uietly.How dare he I screamed. I was on my feet now, and Jacob rose uncertainly to put himself between Alice and me again.Oh, get out of the way, Jacob I elbowed my way around his trembling body with desperate impatience. What do we do? I begged Alice. There had to be something. Cant we call him? Can Carlisle?She was shaking her head. That was the first thing I tried. He left his phone in a trash can in Riosomeone answered it she whispered.You said before we had to hurry. Hurry how? Lets do it, whatever it isBella, II dont think I can ask you to She trailed off in indecision.Ask me I commanded.She put her hands on my shoulders, holding me in place, her fingers flexing sporadically to emphasize her words. We may already be too late. I saw him going to the Volturi and asking to die. We both cringed, and my eyes were suddenly blind. I blinked feverishly at the tears. It all depends on what they choose. I cant see that till they make a decision.But if they say no, and they capacityAro is fond of Carlisle, and wouldnt want to offend himEdward has a backup plan. Theyre very protective of their city. If Edward does something to upset the peace, he thinks theyll act to stop him. And hes right. They will.I stared at her with my jaw clenched in frustration. Id heard nothing yet that would explain why we were still standing here.So if they agree to grant his favor, were too late. If they say no, and he comes up with a plan to offend them quickly enough, were too late. If he gives into his more agency tendencies we might have time.Lets goListen, Bella Whether we are in time or not, we will be in the heart of the Volturi city. I will be considered his accomplice if he is successful. You will be a human who not only knows too much, but also smells too good. Theres a very good find out that they will eliminate us allthough in your case itwont be punishment so much as dinnertime.This is whats keeping us here? I asked in disbelief. Ill go alone if youre afraid. I mentally t abulated what bills was left in my account, and wondered if Alice would lend me the rest.Im only afraid of getting you killed.I snorted in disgust. I almost get myself killed on a daily basis Tell me what I need to doYou save up a note to Charlie. Ill call the airlines.Charlie, I gasped.Not that my presence was protecting him, but could I leave him here alone to faceIm not going to let anything happen to Charlie. Jacobs low voice was gruff and angry. Screw the treaty.I glanced up at him, and he scowled at my panicked expression.Hurry, Bella, Alice interrupted urgently.I ran to the kitchen, yanking the trunks open and throwing the contents all over the floor as I searched for a pen. A smooth, brown hand held one out to me.Thanks, I mumbled, pulling the cap off with my teeth. He silently reach me the pad of paper we wrote phone messages on. I tore off the top sheet and threw it over my shoulder.Dad, I wrote. Im with Alice. Edwards in trouble. You can ground me when I get back. I k now its a bad time. So sorry. Love you so much. Bella.Dont go, Jacob whispered. The anger was all gone now that Alice was out of sight.I wasnt about to yearn time arguing with him. Please, please, please take care of Charlie, I said as I hasten back out to the front room. Alice was waiting in the doorway with a bag over her shoulder.Get your walletyoull need ID. Please tell me you have a passport. I dont have time to forge one.I nodded and then raced up the stairs, my knees weak with gratitude that my mother had wanted to marry Phil on a beach in Mexico. Of course, like all her plans, it had fallen through. But not before Id made all the practical arrangements I could for her.I tore through my room. I stuffed my old wallet, a clean T-shirt, and sweatpants into my backpack, and then threw my toothbrush on top. I hurled myself back down the stairs. The sense of deja vu was nearly stifling by this point. At least, unlike the last timewhen Id run away from Forks to escape thirsty vamp ires rather than to find themI wouldnt have to say goodbye to Charlie in person.Jacob and Alice were locked in some kind of confrontation in front of the open door, standing so far apart you wouldnt assume at first that they were having a conversation. Neither one seemed to notice my noisy reappearance.You might control yourself on occasion, but these leeches youre taking her to Jacob was furiously accusing her.Yes. Youre right, dog. Alice was snarling, too. The Volturi are the very essence of our kindtheyrethe reason your hair stands on end when you smell me. They are the substance of your nightmares, the dread behind your instincts. Im not unconscious(predicate) of that.And you take her to them like a bottle of wine for a party he shouted.You think shed be better off if I left her here alone, with Victoria stalking her?We can handle the redhead.Then why is she still hunting?Jacob growled, and a shudder rippled through his torso.Stop that I shouted at them both, wild with impatie nce. Argue when we get back, lets goAlice turned for the car, disappearing in her haste. I hurried after her, pausing automatically to turn and lock the door.Jacob caught my arm with a shivering hand. Please, Bella. Im begging.His dark eyes were sheen with tears. A lump filled my throat.Jake, I have toYou dont, though. You really dont. You could stay here with me. You could stay alive. For Charlie. For me.The engine of Carlisles Mercedes purred the rhythm of the thrumming spiked when Alice revved it impatiently.I shook my head, tears spattering from my eyes with the sharp motion. I pulled my arm free, and he didnt fight me.Dont die, Bella, he choked out. Dont go. Dont.What if I never saw him again?The thought pushed me past the silent tears a sob broke out from my chest. I threw my arms around his stem and hugged for one too-short moment, burying my tear-wet face against his chest. He put his big hand on the back of my hair, as if to hold me there.Bye, Jake. I pulled his hand fro m my hair, and kissed his palm. I couldnt bear to look at his face. Sorry, I whispered.Then I spun and raced for the car. The door on the passenger side was open and waiting. I threw my backpack over the headrest and slid in, slamming the door behind me.Take care of Charlie I turned to shout out the window, but Jacob was nowhere in sight. As Alice stomped on the gas andwith the tires screeching like human screamsspun us around to face the road, I caught sight of a shred of white near the edge of the trees. A piece of a shoe.

Autism and Mental Retardation Essay

react to the following1. List the primary features of autism.Children with autism are unresponsive to otherwises, uncommunicative, repetitive, and rigid their symptoms usually appear before the develop of three. An autistic soul will have difficulty sustaining employment, accomplishing household responsibilities, and leading independent lives. Furthermore, they express having problems displaying affaire and empathy and have limited interests and activities. The characteristics seem to be pronounced as indifferent in physical divvy up and affectionate expressive interest in those who are taking care of them. Verbal communication and lecture impairments and inability to use speech are oft primary features of autism. Some autistic individuals may promenade Echolalia a echoing of phrases used without apparent understanding. Some may even repeat sentences a workweek later, this is called delayed echolalia. Their variation of speech difficulties include paranormal reversal, diffi culty in naming objects, deficiency of communicative understanding and use of suitable t unity in their voice while talking.Some noticeable characteristics that often expose autism are their lack of imagination while playing, rigid, abnormal and repetitive behaviors, failure to accept environ rational change and obsession with animate things and inanimate things. They express repetitive and unusual motor movements like flap their transcends, and odd facial expressions. Below is a checklist the DSM has provided for a guideline to diagnosis of autism. 1. A total of at least(prenominal) six items from the following groups of symptoms A. Impairment in favorable interaction, as manifested by at least two of the following (a) Marked impairment in the use of multiple nonverbal behaviors such as eye-to-eye gaze, facial expression, body postures, and gestures to regulate social interaction. (b) Failure to develop peer relationships appropriately.(c) Lack of unprompted want to share e njoyment, interests, or achievements with other people. (d) Lack of social or emotional reciprocity.B. Impairment in communication, as manifested by at least one of thefollowing (a) Delay in or total lack of, the development of spoken language. (b) In individuals with adequate speech, marked impairment in the ability to start or sustain a conversation with others. (c) Stereotyped and repetitive use of language, or idiosyncratic language. (d) Lack of varied, spontaneous make-believe play or social imitative play. C. Restricted repetitive and classify patterns of behavior, interests, and activities, as manifested by at least one of the following (a) Abnormal preoccupation with one or more stereotyped and restricted patterns of interest. (b) Inflexible adherence to specific nonfunctional routines or rituals. (c) Stereotyped and repetitive motor mannerisms (e.g., hand or finger flapping or twisting). (d) Persistent preoccupation with parts of objects.2. Prior to 3 years of age, delay or abnormal functioning in either social interaction, language, or symbolic or imaginative play. 2. Which explanation for autism is no longer considered valid and lacks research life? The sociocultural model lacks support and the theory suggests that autism could progress through particular somebodyality characteristics of the parents. These characteristics generated unfavorable development and contributed to the development of the disorder. This theory is no longer considered.3. What forms of treatment are helpful for a person with autism?The treatment that is helpful for a person with autism is behavioral therapy, communication training, parent training, and community integration. Psychotropic drugs and certain vitamins have at times back up when joined with other approaches. Behavioral therapies consist of therapist using pattern and operant conditioning. In modeling they exhibit a chosen behavior and direct the individual to reproduce it. In operant conditioning, they honor such behaviors, first by shaping them, breaking them down so they throne be intentional step by step and thence rewarding each step visibly and consistently. These measures often nominate more purposeful behaviors and long term achievements. Communication Training is a therapy that is often taught to those individuals who remain speechless. They are taught other forms of communication, including sign language and simultaneous communication, a method combining sign language and speech.They in any case learnto use augmentative communication systems, such as communication boards or computers that use pictures, symbols, or written words to represent objects or aims. In some programs teachers try to recognize essential underlined forcers sort of than insignificant ones like food or candy. They encourage participation in choosing an item they want and then encouraging them to ask for it with questions like whats that? Where is it? And whose is it? The studies have found that child- directed interventions increase self-initiated communications, language development, and social participation. Parenting training programs train parents so they can apply behavioral techniques at home. They are provided with instruction manuals, and teachers do home visits.Individual therapy and support groups help parents of autistic children deal with their own emotions and needs. Community integration is a great tool for autistic individuals, In todays school and home based programs at that place are programs for autism children to teach self-help, self-management, and living, social, and work skills as early as possible to help children function break down in their communities. There have been many workshops and group homes available now for teenagers and young adults with autism to help them work a part of their communities. These types of programs give parents a since of relief as their child will always need supervision.4. List the criteria for a diagnosis of mental backw ardnessThe DSM-IV-TR gives guidelines to the diagnosis of mental retardation. Individuals need to display global intellectual functioning that is closely below average, in combination with poor adaptive behavior. As well as having a low IQ score of 70 or below. There should be notability difficulty in communication, home living, self-direction, work or safety. These symptoms should appear before the age of 18.5. Explain one way in which sociocultural biases in testing might pose problems for assessing mental retardation.Sociocultural prejudice in testing that might pose a problem for assessing mental retardation is IQ testing. IQ testing in some children has caused them to be labeled developmentally challenged when they had trouble speaking the language at a level that would establish their IQ. 6. Of the four levels of mental retardation, into which category do mostpeople with mental retardation fall? Mild level IQ ranges from 50 70. They are sometimes called educably retarde d because they can benefit from schooling and can support themselves as adults (Cromer, 2011). 7. What are the main types of biological causes of mental retardation? The main types of biological causes of mental retardation are Down syndrome, fetal alcohol syndrome, and fragile X syndrome. 8. What is the only way to prevent fetal alcohol syndrome? The only way to prevent fetal alcohol syndrome is to not drink during pregnancy. 9. What are normalization and mainstreaming?Normalization and mainstreaming are educational terms they reference the resolution of mentally retarded individuals within ordered classrooms. This is to make sure these individuals can intermingle and learn on with typical fellow students. The school systems have made adjustments and adaptations to their core curriculum and the teaching given to the mentally retarded child. 10. What is your opinion about mainstreaming and normalization for children and adults with autism or mental retardation? I agree with mains treaming for a person who is suffering from autism or mental retardation. Autism runs in my family, and I have a cousin who is the comparable as age as I am and she did not receive mainstreaming when she was younger and she is severely handicapped I believe because of this. On the other hand, our classrooms are overcrowded and teachers are experiencing challenges within the so called normal population.Labeling these individuals at such an early age incorporates stereotyping within the classroom and can cause even more ill luck for those individuals. My ex-husbands brother had an autistic child who is thriving and even attending college classes at a University. He did have special schooling and went to private therapies. His success was through behavioral therapy and parenting training. I would verbalize mainstreaming should be considered on the level of the disorder. If the disorder is extreme, then consideration should be given to the teacher and her other thirty something stude nts. It is a hard question when in fact someone could be mildly retarded or highly retarded and the school system really needs to know just where the individual stands with their language ability and social ability.ResourceComer, R. J. (2011). Fundamentals of abnormal psychology (6th ed.). New York, NY.