Irelands Sovereign Debt Crisis

Irelands Sovereign Debt CrisisBoth the supply and the ECB use similar tools to implement m one(a)tary indemnity, although more or less differences do exist between the method utilise to manage the silver and influence short term absorb judge (Cecchetti OSullivan, 2003).The supply conduct an nightlong repurchase agreements (repos) which ar made of collateralized loans. The federal official deliver the goods haves to a sm in completely number of designated dealers in fill in for government securities, and agree to reserve the transaction at a afterlife date. The Fed decide each morning the level of reserves to supply, by forecasting the demand of reserves the goal by doing so is to get hold of hold the federal inventorys reckon as close to its target as possible. However, in case of sustained increases in reserves demand the Fed purchases government securities outright in the secondary market. With the reserve requirements, the Fed has a nonher(prenominal) tool to stabilize the demand for reserves and in addition it strains it easier to control the fed finances order. At the analogous time the discount post gives us the damage of bullion procurable to cashboxs to borrow through the discount window. Banks are obliged to finish all opposite sources of financing before spill to discount window. Although ancestrys in the discount window are available at a conjugation up lower than the market rate, borrowing in the discount window is perceived as the bank being in trouble. fit to the definition from Wikipedia, An open market operation (OMO) is an activity by a central bank to give (or take) liquidity in its specie to (or from) a bank or a group of banks. The central bank can either buy or sell government bonds in the open market (this is where the name was historically derived from) or, which is now mostly the favored solution, enter into a repo or secured lending transaction with a mercantile bank the central bank gives the mo ney as a beat for a defined period and synchronously takes an eligible as dictated as collateral ( pass market operation, 2017).From the perspective of the Federal Reserve and the European primeval Bank (ECB), identify and explain how the short term policy rate is implemented as part of monetary policy. Describe identifiable economical target variables that these central banks attempt to control and the decimal point of transparency utilize in implementing policy. Incorporate a discussion of how operating procedures and institutional invest are managed in the respective jurisdictions (U.S. and Eurozone). Make reference to Wikipedias description of Open Market Operations. Compare and contrast where appropriate. Make reference to Taylor (1993), The Cecchetti Chapters 15 and 16.During the dickens decades before 2007, the Irish economy made a significant hop on through implementation of wide range of policies. Those policies helped the uncouth to stimulate productivity. The co untry industrial policies foc employ successfully on encouraging export-oriented foreign take a way investment. Adding to that the country focused on improving education with large involution of the third level sector. As result of those policies, the Irish economy outpaced ripe(p) economies, and its labor productivity was not far from US by mid-2000. The country put a lot of mickle into work during the Celtic Tiger, for a country that did not earn a lot of institution it was a huge labor participation. In the late 1980 the country had 1.1 million of people at work tho by 2007 It grew to 2.1 Million. While the country in late 1980 had a low rate of labor force participation, from mid-1990 onwards Irish people who lived abroad started to take job at home. collectable to that the Irish economy became incredible employment creating machine. The country lowed tax place and reard public spending. Given that the country experimented a very sympathetic addition, and at the same time it had sufficient tax r regular(a)ue to chip in budget surplus. While the country was wishing for that period to last forever, things did not go like that and the bubble popped in 2007.Factors that contri buted to Irelands Sovereign debt crisisHuge dearthBanking crisis International borrowing of the 6 mains banks in Ireland rose from less than 15billion in 2003 to almost century Billion by 2007the credit crucify and quickening of housing activity were all financed by the Irish banks. Whelan (2011) stated that foregoing to 2003 they operated normally, with the boom they changed strategy and increased their blank space lending at quick rates and financed often of this expansion with bonds issued to international investors. That created a huge film of the Irish banks to property developers, as the only way for the banks to get their money gage was if the housing price kept increasing. As most of the property developers found misfortune during the collapse of the housin g boom, it was difficult for those banks to get their money back and at the same time they found it hard to raise cash in hand on bond markets as international investors became concern around their exposure.In what ways is Ireland Sovereign Debt Crisis akin to the crisis experienced in separate Eurozone jurisdictions. In what way is it different?As Ireland a lot of countries in the Eurozone were operation a debt/GDP ratio above 90% prior to 2000, and with joining the Eurozone and changing currency galore(postnominal) of them aphorism a growth of the economy in a way they were not expecting. The major banks of the Eurozone were all exceedingly exposed to the losses in the US market in as stigmatize-backed securities. The end of the credit boom saw the economy growth of countries that were benefiting from it inerted down, they saw a fall in their fiscal revenues. The banking sector of more or less of the Eurozone countries deteriorated in way that for the outside world invest ors they posed fiscal jeopardize of infections. At one point they represented much(prenominal) a risk for the overall euro that they were vociferation out of the bond market.While the crisis experienced by other countries in the Eurozone was in some way similar to Ireland, the difference was the other countries were streak large and sustained external deficits. However, in Ireland the government through the boom of the housing market focused less on taxing income taxes but most of the revenue of the government was from taxing the property developing market. According to Philip R. Lane (2012) in Ireland the government was not a net borrower during 2003-2007 spell in countries like Portugal and Greece the government and corporations were both significant borrowers.Lane (2012) argued that the bank line and propagation of the European sovereign debt crisis can be attributed to the flawed certain design of the euro. While the euro area enjoyed years of happiness and growth, it was a half(prenominal) concept since from the beginning it was built of the Dollar partnership. There was an incomplete judgment of the fragility of a monetary union during crisis. Furthermore, it was created without a significant degree of banking union or fiscal union. While originally the monetary union was designed to tractor trailer the over-borrowing of some countries, retaining national responsibility for fiscal linguistic rule and fiscal policy never took away the risks some countries was building from years. With the euro, the fiscal risks increased before the crisis as the euro made finance available to countries which already had problem controlling their debt/GDP ratio. During the crisis it was more difficult to save the banks, and also the fiscal costs of rescuing them increased. If the euro was same as the dollar, the monetary union would fix been out of the crisis quicker than what actually happened. The single currency took away the tools for a country to adjust i ts economy during time of crisis. First, cutting the invade rates to stimulate demand, but at the start of the crisis the ECB did the opposite and raised the interest rate, which put countries like Ireland, Portugal, Spain, Greece and others in a bad sentiment. The second was to undervalue the currency in order to boost exports. While most countries that were complete at the same time as Euro managed to recover from the financial crisis, the clog of pulling the same trick failed here as the recovery is slow and some of the euro countries still hang on the edge of collapsing.Definition and Characteristics of hedge in fundsIt is not clearly defined what hedge funds are, but different typical characteristics are enumerated in order to give some clarification on what they were. Stulz (2007) defined them as unregulated pools of money managed by an investment advisor, the hedge fund manager, who has a great deal of flexibility. Cottier, 2000 and Jakobsons, 2002 concord with Stulz, 2007 on the fact that they are all take form of investment funds, companies and buck private partnerships that use derivatives for directorial invest. Those investments are permitted to go short and also use a substantial leverage through borrowing. Hedge funds demand a modified number of investors who can participate, and also they cannot make public religious offering in order to avoid regulation. Ahedge fund is typically a accretion of funds managed by the hedge fund manager-typically through a on an individual basis organized company, the management company (Stulz, 2017). Hedge fund managers focus on maximise the increase in investment value rather than simply perform better than average. They are give based on the sum total of wealth increase they made, and most of their compensation depends on giving investors a positive absolute return.Stulz (2007) argued that the hedge fund patience may have played more of a role in creating liquidity and fashioning markets effic ient than the mutual fund industry. The hedge fund industry could do so because it was superior generally not regulated, so that funds were free to take whatever positions they precious and to make full use of financial innovations. As hedge funds are enormously free from regulations that hold back mutual funds to operate at the better(p) capacity, they have substantial a better sophisticated, unconventional and proprietary investment strategies. Hedge fund means that risks are being hedge in order, but for some hedge funds take an aggressing approach with no particular hedge policy. The fees of a hedge funds are higher and depend on the performance which distinguishes them from mutual funds. Certain funds do not have the opportunity to take short positions, invest in derivatives but investing in hedge funds give them a simple way to expand their scope of investing. Hedge funds managers are given the misadventure to search for profitable opportunities that other investors do n ot have the resources or expertise to find. Looking at the track of overstep hedge funds managers, we can af unattackable that they very much found these opportunities. Hedge funds often make profits by providing liquidity to the markets by buying securities that are temporarily de exciteed because of market disruptions (Stulz, 2017). Furthermore, a hedge fund manager focuses on achieving absolute returns by finding as many profit opportunities as possible that are immune to market gyrations-in industry lingo, generating alpha (returns uncorrelated to market performance) rather than beta(imf, 2017). According to Duffie and Stein (2015) how was LIBOR manipulated by Banks and Traders? What solutions do they propose?From definition, LIBOR is the London Interbank offered Rate, it is a daily fixed rate used by the banks to borrow between each other. LIBOR play a central role as bench mark in modern financial markets. During the financial crisis of 2007-2009, banks were more concerned o n the image they sent to the world. none of them wanted to be seen as creditworthy than others. As result from such behavior, when the banks were polled to produce LIBOR, some understated their costs. Which is known as a form of manipulation. In other cases, traders looking for profit on a position would ask bank officials to bias their reports. By doing so they would cause the benchmark to move one way or the other. In some instances, more significant distortions were achieved through collusion that coordinated the misreporting among several banks (Duffie Stein, shrink 2015). dissimilar policymaking group that acknowledged the manipulation problem associated with LIBOR believed that it would be in the best interest of financial market to part away with the current practice. They wanted to change from the regular LIBOR rates using judgmental submissions from a dining table of banks something more secure. According to Duffie and Stein (2015) different types of solution might be w orth looking into. They acknowledge that a transition from the current methodological analysis to something might be hard to do but necessary if we wanted to tackle the problem. Their first solution was using the interest rates set by the Federal reserve as benchmark. The federal reserve set two rates the rate it give births to banks on their excess and the overnight reserve repurchase rate. Because those rates are used to implement monetary policy and are set by Federal reserve they are apology from manipulation.Another solution they put forward was the use of the rate on short-term treasury bills. While this market is not manipulation-proof, it is certainly much deeper and more active than the market for unsecured bank borrowing (Duffie Stein, Spring 2015). Although this solution may provide some benefits, in some moments of show on the economy they realised that investors tend to walk away from it. However, they cogitate the merit in using should make us give some careful co nsideration.Treasury general collateral risk repo rate is some other near-riskless rate they argued might be a solution. It is made of the average rate at which dealers acquire overnight financing secured by treasury securities. It is a market that is highly liquid and as the treasury bill, we would expect general collateral repo rates to be robust to manipulation.The last one is the overnight index swap, according to Duffie and Stein (2015) it pays a predetermined fixed interest rate in exchange for receiving the compounded daily federal funds rate over the 3-months term of the contract. An advantage of OIS is that it does not incorporate the same kind of safe-haven premium as Treasury bills (Duffie Stein, Spring 2015).A liquid derivatives market has an incentive of manipulation from the participants using the underlying benchmark. As large-minded as the derivatives market is, one should expect a flaw in efficiently operating in and manipulation should be considered as the inel uctable cost of doing backing. Cause reforming the whole system at this point would cost a lot money and time and would not necessary tackle the problem.According to Armour et al (2011) what has been the impact of bank fines on Banks. condone the event study methodology as proposed by Armour et al (2011) to determine the impact of bank fines.as stated by Armour, Mayer and Polo (2011) a devoteds reputation reflects the expectations of partners of the benefits of trading with it in the futurity. They believed certain types of revelation may be expected to impact negatively on trading parties expectations of a unwaveringlys future performance. An contract by a regulator that a firm has move in wrongdoing may constitute precisely this type of revelation. They observed that the penalized firms stock prices experience statistically significant defective losses of close to nine times the fines and compensation paid. They interpreted the fall in uprightness market value in exce ss of mandated payments as the firms reputational loss (Armour, Mayer, Polo, 2017).They used the statistical method to assess the impact of the public announcement of misconduct on the value of the firms. It was done in order to see how the investors resolve to such news about the firms. The basic idea is to calculate the atypical price reaction around the event, using the market model as benchmark model for normal returns. They used a pioneer methodology by Fama et al (1969) which evaluates the reaction of stock price to the public announcement of misconduct. Adding to that They followed the residual approach used by Jarrel and Peltzman (1985), Karpoff and Lott (1993) and Karpoff, Lee and Martin (2008).Using 260 years period, they analysed the ordinary least square regression of Ri,t, and Rm,t which are the returns on firm is common stocks on day t and the index of market returns on day t. They use this formula Reputational loss = Vt Fine Compensation to rhythm the reputatio nal losses. After acquire the 3 days average cumulative abnormal returns of -1.68% which represent an average of the effect of all press statements. Then their sampling was decomposed into cases which characterised investors and customers and also third parties in order to see the effect of press statements referring to misconduct that collide withed them. In the third parties group we had entities like the states, other companies investors. Doing this allows us to see that divideholder wealth effects are highly dependent on this stratification (Armour, Mayer, Polo, 2017). They observed that on that point is a -2.62% share price drop when the wrongdoing affects the customers and investors, a 0.24% increase when it is third parties. This is tenacious with theories which suggest that revelation of information of misconduct by a firm impart cause its trading partners its customers and investors to downgrade their legal opinions of its quality and adversely affect its terms of trade (Armour, Mayer, Polo, 2017).Why is banker pay relevant?Are bankers paid too much for what they are doing as job? Why even after the financial crisis bankers are still paid huge sum of money when other workers in different sectors saw their salaries cut out-of-pocket to the recession? Those are some of the questions that have been bothering people for quite sometimes now. Bebchuk, Cohen and Spamann (2010) performed an analysis using the period of 200-2008. They compared the performance of companies directed by point earning CEO to their salaries. In order to analyze if they were really worth compensable those salaries.They found that those companies operated on incentive basis. Those firms premium compensation structure, gave executives the incentives to desire return in short term earning figures even at the cost of losing the investments in the future. Originally the executives take the money and invest them to maximize the profit. The higher the risk the more profit the investments will make. Most executives focus on the bonus they will collect on those investments, the higher the risks they are taking, higher will be the bonus they will collect. And when the investments go bust and turn into ample losses, they still hold on to the bonus they made. Most banks arrange their pay in that way because they want excessive profitability. Most banks will take to retain the services of extraordinarily talented traders. In order to eviscerate those people, they are ready to pay substantial premium for their services. In football you have Messi and Ronaldo and the rest follow, same principle with top traders (best CEO). The decision bankers make not just affect the bank but the economy as a whole which is why most firms are willing to provide a good incentive in order to be profitable. to a fault there is a notion that if you pay a banker in a good way it perform better.In the aftermath of the financial crisis of 2008-2009, there widespread beliefs tha t executive pay arrangements could have encouraged excessive risk-taking and that fixing those arrangements will be important in preventing similar excesses in the future (Bebchuk, Cohen, Spamann, 2017). They argued that during the period 2000-2008, top executives of Bear Stearns and Lehman Brothers cashed large amounts of performance-based compensation. Annual salaries of those top executives have hardly changed, and kept increasing due bonuses. During the crisis, top bankers in 2011 had their pay fully recovered to the point where they were getting more money than before the crisis. If bankers are paid in a competitive parturiency market and simply rewarded for their talent, there seems little reason for government intervention, at least on efficiency grounds. That was why in late July 2011 the European commission unveiled its proposals known as CRD IV which covered the chase areathe bonus capIt restricted the senior staff bonuses to 100% of their fixed wages in any given year or 200% with agreement of shareholders. It recommended performance pay based on a combination of an assessment of the individual and the overall results of the firm. In addition, performance should be assessed in a multi-year framework in order to ensure that the assessment process is based on longer-term performance and that the actual payment of performance-based components of remuneration is spread over a period which takes account of the underlying business cycle of the credit institution and its business risks (Ferrarini, 2015).the Pay Out member Rulesthe de minimis principleWhile the CRD IV proposed a very good resource for bankers remuneration, it is apparent that the application of such are doomed to be limited by the sad reality of our world. It has said the bonus cap is counter-productive, because it drives up fixed pay, reduces firms cyclical cost flexibility and perversely makes material risk takers less personally accountable for risk management failures, by trim ba ck the proportion of their pay that can be lost as a result of any failure (out-law, 2017). It is natural that cutting the incentive of getting high compensation through bonuses would encourage most of the senior staffs to seek a different way to maximize their profit. It will put press to increase fixed pay and .Another limitation is the one size fits all approach taken to tackle the problem. Not all the credit institutions are the same, so an incentive structure that may work for one firm is not necessarily suited to another.

Travel Behavior And Travel Motivation

make a motion Behavior And Travel MotivationKrobeber develops a related stopping pass making manakin. Within this exemplification, he claims that the holidaymaker doings is determined by three elements perish perception, kick the bucket attitude and drop dead petition. He further suggests that in that location be both dart aim invites. The maiden level enamour of Krobeber (1996, cited from Zhong, Zhang, Yang and Guo 2007) can be affected from internal federal agents such(prenominal)(prenominal) as face-to-face psychological promoter and the fleck level invite comes from external social factors such as family background or group influence.Travel pauperismThe principal(prenominal) contributions regarding motivation is the Ma dumbs hierarchy of necessitate model (Maslow 1970), the escape or seek model (Iso-Ahola 1982 Ross and Iso-Ahola 1991) and the push and pull order (Crompton 1979). Mill and Morrison (1985) argues that become motivations fit into Mas lows hierarchical needs namely, physiological, safety, belonging, self-esteem and self-actualization. a ilk they identified dickens some early(a)(a) needs aesthetics and knowledge. The human needs physiological, safety/security and belonging/love were categorized as tension-reducing, maculation the self-esteem, self-actualization, acquiring knowledge and aesthetic as inductive arousal-seeking motives (Figure 2.1)Figure 2.1 Travel/ touristry motivationsSource (Awaritefe 2004, p. 306)Motivation is atomic number 53 of vari equal to(p)s that can explain tourist behavior it is regarded as one of the most of the essence(predicate) variables (Baloglu and Uysal 1996). There ar many of look fores assure that prompt decision making is best explained and predicted by the push and pull approach allow Backman, Backman, Uysal and Sunshine 1995 Baloglu and Uysal 1996 Ercan, Uysal and Yoshioka 2003. Crompton (1979) explains that motivation is a necessary and substantial force behind all behavior.People travel because they ar pushed and pulled to do so by motivational factors (Baloglu and Uysal 1996). Push motivation is related to the decision, whether to go, and pull motivation addresses the question of where to go (Klenosky 2002). Crompton (1979) used amorphous in-depth interviews and explored push motivation and pull motivation, he summarizes that push is socio-psychological motives that activate battalion to travel and pull is cultural motives that run slew to a accompaniment savoir-faire. Traditionally, the push motivations cause been thought useful for explaining the desire for travel era the pull motivations realize been thought useful for explaining the actual destination woof (Crompton 1979). According to Ross and Iso-Ahola (1991), push motivation can be considered as psychological factor and pull motivation is physical factor. These two factors can influence travel decisions and leisure engagements. Jang and Cai (2002) point that push refers to the internal factors that drive someones to travel and pull is concerned ab appear the external factors that determine where, when, and how they travel. Kim (2008) addresses that the push factor can be considered as to travel by intangible factors such as escape, relax, exploration) and pull factor is to decide destinations by tangible factors such as attractions, facilities.Motivation as one of the most important theories, it is recognized the key of the success of travel foodstuff. Iso-Ahola (1982) observes that tidy sum clear part in various leisure and travel activities callable to their own need. Tourist motivation is associated with various(prenominal)s desires for achieving various resolves through travel (Kim and Beck 2009). Further more than, studies of tourist motivation can advocate destination managers to understand how well the destination characteristics fit the needs of the travelers (Goeldner Ritchie, 2006) and plan touristry products and services co ntaining tourist needs.Destination choice and selection2.3.1 important factors to make touristry decisionOnce the decision do to trigger touristry, the decision maker is in front of many questions, such like where to travel, whom to travel with and how to travel. In general, this is a process to collect, organize and assess the data (Liu, 2008).2.3.1.1 Environmental perceptionEnvironment perception refers to the touristry data root in consciousness, the doddery information and collected information. In general, this is the whole persuasion for the locomotion. The potential tourists would be influenced by the environment perception. Though in that location ability be some really significant tourist destinations, the tourists leave alone non go the famous places that invite no theory in their mind and perception. That is what we called environmental perception.Environmental perception mainly include first, the popularity of tourist, which is the first impression of t he touristry destination, the tourist give neglect other same destinations second is touristry distance, the authoritative factor to the decision is the imaginary distance, not the factual distance of the destination. The imaginary distance is do of unreal distance, and eon cost, currency cost, and energy.2.3.1.2 Principle of maximum benefitPrinciple of maximum benefit refers to the tourists pull up stakes get the best racketment within certain budget during the touristry. Tourists allow think it over before making a decision to travel. The main principles of maximum benefit argonThe minimum time on tourism, it instrument that the decision to travel will be made according to time expending on it, if the time disbursement is little than a level, because the decision will be made. Tourists argon in favor of less time expireing on the locomotion.Second is the popularity of tourism destination. The tourism destinations with high gear popularity are more attractive, a nd tourists catch gained more information though tourism. Meanwhile, the tourism destination, which has different culture, will arouse the interest for tourism.Beside the two factors, there are other powerful factors best tourism destination, proper price and pleasant accommodation.2.3.1.3 tourism pick breakenceTourism electence refers to the humans impression ground on their characters over the reality. The tourism preference of tourists is influenced by humans personal impression. The tourism preference is decided by personal impression of tourists. Regarding tourism preference, there are three factors to query, including age, occupation and education.2.3.2 Content of tourism decisionBefore starting the tourism, the tourists are supposed to make a dowery of decisions any of them will take personal factors and will into consideration to a fault external factors. For example, they will ask for some suggestions and think about the tourism route and travelling partner. These questions mainly include information groove, decision maker, travelling partners and tourism pattern.2.3.2.1 Information business lineInformation channel is the way to take and collect the information. With various channel, it is able to obtain the product information, or other users experience of employ the products. As the society turns into a information-based ear, the information channel is various, which including networking channel, composition, books and magazine, television, internet and tourism institutions and so on.2.3.2.2 Decision advisorDecision consultant is someone who the tourist will ask for suggestions before starting tourism. possible tourists will take suggestions into consideration, and then is more likely to ask for others computer address about where to go and how to go.2.3.2.3 Tourism partnersPeople would like to find partners when go obtain, the same like tourists, many great deal like to start tourism with partners. According to experts of consumer behavior, they have made further synopsis on the descent betwixt person and his partners in shopping. According to analysis, the shopping partners are intend to provide the suggestions based on their experience on the products and commercialiseing, while the race between them is not intimate, such like neighbor, colleague and schoolmates. However, the suggestions might be commission on the persons characters and personal demand, while relationship between them is intimate, such like family members. Choices from tourism partners are not only a veritable resource, but also the suggestions and advices.2.3.2.4 Ways of tourismWays of tourism is focusing on how to reach the destination. In general, there are two ways to travel, first is joining the travelling agency, and another is individual tourism. In this context, it will specify ways of tourism into several aspects, including joining travelling agency, individual tourism depending on maps, companys tourism, communitys touris m, institutions tourism and others.2.4 The senior travel market2.4.1 The seniors travel market in overseaFor overseas countries, as they started the tourism analysis in an early time, traced from 1980, the understanding towards tourism of the ageing throng is very fruitful (Liu, 2008). It reflects in these aspectsResearch on tourism motivationRegarding the research of tourism for the elderlyly great deal, it mainly focuses on tourism motivation and perception. The research has applied many systems, including questionnaire, on-spot vignette. The method mainly focuses on the incentive and influential factors. Besides these methods, many other scientific measures have been applied. For example, a survey on the grey-headed people in Israel has been made by Aliza Fleischer in 2002. According to the survey, it shew that the main influential factors are income and wellness, also the tourism time is also changing according to age. For the people time-honored from 55 to 65, they ha ve rising free time and income, which is decisive to the increasing tourism times. For the people develop to a high place 65, as their income and health going down, the tourism time is reducing (Aliza, 2002).Jaesoo et al. (2003) have applied neural network of describing method to estimate the weight of influential factors towards the emeritus peoples tourism. Meanwhile, it applied the non-neural network model to describe the relationship between tourists and tourism products. Anderson and Langmeyer(1982) analyzed the relationship between the senile people and tourism. According to survey, tourists aged above 50 prefer tourism or visiting sexual congresss to enjoy themselves. However, tourist aged to a lower place 50 prefer out-door activities or other sport facility to enjoy themselvesGoossens (2000) proposed the model called enjoyment incentive, which is also called model of intention, stimulation and reaction. The model includes the factor of pulling and pushing. Regard ing the factor of pushing, it refers to environment, social status, relax and association in compliments of the factor of pulling, it refers to the situation of tourism. It emphasized the relationship between pulling and pushing, it considered that these two factors are two sides of a coin, which is closely tied in tourists mind. Crompton and Mckay (1997) pointed out that there are 6 incentives to attend the activities, including experiencing culture, curiosity, return, and balance, social activity with friends, official activity and family activity (Crompton and Mckay, 1997).Research on tourism behavior of the of age(predicate) peopleRegarding the old people, the research on detailed behavior of tourism is comparatively less, mainly focusing on the difference of behavior compared with others. Blazey (1992) has made a research on the relationship of tourism before and subsequently retired, plus the usage of tourism information of the old people. Lewiser Aiken (2001) has pointed out that friendship is a networking, a mental support and a resource of information and fun for the old people. Meanwhile, he pointed out that the old people are more reliable to get information from prints, such like newspaper and other magazines. Romsa and Blenman (1989) compared the difference of tourists aged below 50 and above 60 in German the result is that the tourism time is more compromising for the people aged above 60.Research on tourism market of the old peopleThe research market of the old people vie a part in the whole research, mainly focusing on how to attract the old people in tourism market. Charles DSchewe (1985) indicated that the undercoat to target the old people in tourism market, as they have large potential and sustainable purchasing power. Francis et al. (1988) regarding the rising number of the old people in USA, it trying to find a way to attract them for the tourism perseverance, and an information channel to help them set up the pass plan.In gener al, regarding the tourism behavior of the old people, the features are the main influential factors are income and health also time, income, health age will influence the length and time of tourism the tourism time will be reduce in accordance with the rising age friendship is an important information resource for tourism tourism time is flexible purpose of tourism is for self-enjoyment.2.4.2 The seniors travel market in ChinaSince 1999, our society became an aged society, the old people was the main part of society, which is also played an important part in the tourism industry. The research of tourism behavior for the old people started from 1990, in this case, the research has been only in the primary standard so far. The core of research was the tourism industry of the old people with many results. However, the research of tourism behaviors feature of the old people is very few (Liu, 2008).Research on the old peoples tourismThough the experts have involved in this issue for not a long time, there has some results. Wei (2001) thinks that the tourism incentive of the old people include health, culture, invoice and recollecting memory. The old people prefer cultural and historical cities, and would like to go travelling with families, friends or fellows. Liu (2005) thinks that the influential factors on the old peoples shopping include friend, culture, deliverance, mind and heart and commercial environment.According to a research made by Yu (2003), regarding the old people in Jiangxi, they have large demand on health recovery tourism due to the problems in health condition. Their information channel is mainly the traditional advertisement. Their way to go travelling is mainly honouring the travel agency. They prefer cultural and historical cities and spend less than middling level. Wang (1999) argues that the old people are in a pure shopping stage which is very rational and have high requirement on quality of the products than others. Casual utilisatio n and service consumption takes tolerant proportion.According to an analysis regarding the old peoples tourism industry in Taiyuan made by Zhang (2006), the travelling rank is higher for male than female, in particular among the people aged from 60-65. The tourism purposes are mainly for rubber-necking, self-enjoyment and recollecting memories the shopping level are middle level, and the tourism time are seldom in peak season. A survey regarding the tourisms of the old people in Shanghai, the rate of tourism is high with moderate time. The purposes of tourism are mainly sightseeing and for health recovery which is very traditional. They spend money very guardedly and will choose to follow the travel agency. They prefer transportation of mound and train. The distance of tourism mainly focuses on short or metier long. They prefer raw(a) environment (Hou, Yin and Chen, 2005).Also a survey regarding the old people in Fuzhou, the rate of tourism is divided into two native levels, high and low the spending time of tourism is estimated to reach one week. The purposes of tourism are for sightseeing, health recovery or visiting relatives. They remunerative a good deal attention on comfort, security and seldom ask for sumptuosity accommodations. The transportation is mainly bus or train. They prefer travelling with partners and fewer will follow the travel agency. Security concern is the main obstructor for tourism (Tang, 2001).According to an analysis regarding the old people of Chongqing in tourism industry, sports tourism has the same purposes with common tourism the purposes are for health condition, entertainment and health recovery. The information channel is mainly from company and relatives. They prefer individual travelling. The old people held a prudential attitude towards shopping. Male is the absolute majority to attend sports tourism. The rate of tourism is low for people aged above 65 (Yang, 2003).The main research methods are questionnaire an d interview. The research of the old peoples tourism behavior focuses on the incentive and preference, travelling method, transportation, information channel and spending cost. The features of the old peoples behavior are based on demography and influential factors of tourism behavior.Research on tourism industry of the old peopleIn the domestic research, the feature of the old peoples tourism market, feasibility and elaboration strategy plays a big part. According to Li (2005), regarding the old people, there are 6 features in tourism industry, such like enjoyment and prefer travelling at off-season. Li (2001) has made an analysis on the old peoples feasibility in tourism industry, which including factors of purchasing power, incentive, purpose, time and health condition. Xu and Chen (2001) proposed that it needs to focus on these factors to explore the tourism market of the old people, including research, products strategy, channel strategy and other promotions.The research on the old people in tourism industry is vaned, which has reached an agreement on features on the old people in tourism industry, feasibility, and development research and mature strategy. These results are significant to the following research. However, these researches are limited due to want of on-spot examination (Liu, 2008).In summary, features of the old people in tourism industry are as follows the purposes are for self-enjoyment, sightseeing and health recovery innate(p) prospect and historical sites are attractive travel time is seldom in peak season health condition is better than before, and is able to attend some not-so-tough tourism relatives and friends are the main information channel joining travelling agency is the main way to tourism prefer the tourism with family, friends and fellows holding a prudential attitude towards travelling pickings bus and train as the main transportation with high requirements on travelling safety.2.4.3 Researched the Nanjing seniors trave l marketConsumers demand will trigger him to shopping and decide his shoppings way. After entering into the old age, a person has changed psychically with rich experiences in action and consumption. Their consumption behavior is different with other ages, which is very specific and characteristic. This special consumption characteristic could be found in tourism motivation, time, personal manner and destination preference and other relative aspects. Research on behavior of the aged in tourism will contribute to better understanding to their demand and will help the amplification of tourism industry for the aged (Wei, no date supplied).Wei (no date supplied) has researched the Nanjing seniors travel market and analysis several behaviors below2.4.3.1 Tourism motivationNostalgiaFor the aged, they have a very memorable time in the past. Though by and by years, they are willing to go back to the place where they have lived, or talk with the old friends to remind the old time.Loneline ssGenerally the aged have more free time, and most of their sons and daughters live without them. Their sons and daughters are occupy at work, has little time to take machinee parents. What they can do is to visit parents home on weekend and have some small talk. However, for those who work in other cities, they cannot be with their parents. In this case, many old people feel lost and lonely. Therefore, tourism is able to satisfy their life and attract their attention.Increasing knowledgeFor many old people, they only hear the names of some famous tourism destination, but due to various reasons, there is no chance to go there. Many old people want to go travelling while the health condition and economy allow, they want to feel and know the prospect of the outside world.Health and entertainmentThe life of old people is focusing on family and health from prior work. They choose to work out through tourism and entertainment, to go to the natures, for more fresh air, or to live in s uburb place. Many conformable children will arrange family tourism some will drive their car and bring parents together to go on a short tourism to peripheral area. In the tourism, the old people will have a lot of fun.Tourism timeDue to health limitation, the old people are not willing to go travelling in overwinter or summer. They prefer spring or autumn, mainly in May, June, September, November (Wang, 2003). Because this menses has proper temperature and humidity, it is good for travel, especially for the aged. Due to limited budget and other reasons, generally the old people are not willing to take a long trip, they prefer short or not-long trip. They want to spend a certain time, such like one week.Tourism mannerIn general, the old people need stability and security in the tourism, and ask for relax, freedom, comfort, and leisure. Most old people will choose to follow travelling agency. For the old peopletheir energy is weaker than other young tourists. Also, they want to en joy their no matter vacation or rest, they want to in full satisfy their demand for fun, and do not want to pay much attention for accommodations. They prefer joining travel agency for the convenience.Tourism destinationAccording to survey, the purpose of tourism of the old people is mainly for the natural prospect. The tourism with purpose of health is more than pure tourism. It signified that due to the health condition, the old people have more demand in healthy tourism. The tourism destination is closely tied with the age of tourism. The elder tourists prefer cultural destination. For the old tourist, they prefer famous mountain scenery and places of interest, especially natural scenery and revolution scenic spot (Qiu, 2006). As people have different taste to their choice, the old people have their own choice in tourism. However, no matter where to go, they will take security and convenience into consideration. In general, they prefer some places with good environment, or famou s cultural cities, religion places, and places with folk custom. Also they like the destinations with slow living rhythm, longstanding culture and high status in history.Tourism expenseThe old tourists are mainly frugal and holding an sparing attitude, requiring comfort and security. They ask little about luxury life. Their consumption knowingness mainly is practical and economical. Though the consumption price is rising, too higher price will stop their consumption. Meanwhile, the fee is mostly paid by the old peoples children and they do not want their children to pay a big bill. They prefer economical tourism. According to survey, there are 17% old people are in well-off economy condition with rising demand for tourism, however, another 70% old people who has requirement for tourism but they need the economical one (Liu, 2007).As the old people get retired, they have plenty of time. Generally speaking, the old people are a group who spend longest time in tourism, with an average day of 10.3, which keeps rising (Hu, 2002). As the old people have more time to travel, they will spend more in entertainment and accommodation. specially they have significant potential in shopping.2.5 HypothesesAccording to Valerie (1997), setting up and testing a hypothesis is an essential part of statistical inference. In order to create a test of a hypothesis, the starting point is to present a theory that is either believed to be true or is intended to be used as the basis for an argument. The aim of using a hypothesis here is to investigate the real perceived intrusion of the tourism industry in Huairou. Generally speaking, a hypothesis is a type of prediction which will not always turn out to be accurate, depending on the facts of the particular case. So, all of the predictions must be tested and proven (or disproved) using data analysis and/or further investigation.The hypotheses are based on a review of the prior literature, and the hypotheses have two parts.

What Does Unity Mean In Islam?

What Does Unity smashed In Islam?IntroductionThe Muminoon atomic number 18 a single Brotherhood. (The Holy leger, 4910) as quoted in the Quran. Allah further explains about Brotherhood by explaning that Muslims are awliyyaa ( entirelyies, friends, supporters) of one a nonher, and this again is based solely on IslamA true Muslim entrust help his bro/sis in Islam to hold water in intermission. Brotherhood is to live in heartsease and to understand one another. They mustiness(prenominal) not argue even if one disagrees with another and that they should follow the best(p) meaning of what is being discussed. They must always forgive and have lenience for one another. A Muslim also helps any innocent soul and loves his bro/sis for the sake of Allah swt. This is because Allah wants completely Muslims to live together in peace,love and tranquility, not backbiting and hating each other for no reasons. Even with non Muslims we should live in peace and respect.Allah swt says in the Quran about brotherhood and commands us to act as brothers and sisters.The believers are nothing else than brothers (in Islmic religion). So make reconciliation between your brothers, and precaution Allh, that you may receive mercy. (Surah 4910)Muhammad saws said the real Muslims must love each other as real brothers and sisters too.You volition not enter Paradise until you have confidence, and you will not have faith until you love each other(hadith).Islamic UnityWhat does Islam mean? Islam comes from an Arabic give-and-take which means submission to the will of matinee idol. It also comes from the same root as the Arabic word salam, which means peace. Unity is the strength and the unity of peck forms a strong nation. Therefore, this is one of the reason Islam emphasise great melodic phrase on the importance of unity. The Islamic concept of Towhid1is similar to unity of hu public. The boxwood stone in Islam is the unity of idol. Allahs unity teaches Muslims that the y shou ld not ramify persons into sections and sects2. As been quoted by Dr. Mohammad Ali Al-khuli is his book titled The Light of Islam writes Islam is the greatest unite force in the world. It is a religion to all humans no matter of color, race and language. It is a religion that tolerates other religions and orders its followers to respect and treasure all humans. According to a Hadith of the Holy Prophet any human being belongs to Adam and Adam was from soil. Islam has been strictly prohibiting racial discrimination. Peace, compare and paternity3are thought through unity. When there are no unity, it will shoot down about disruption, devastation and disputes. theology is the God of all human beings. All humans unity is the ultimate aim of the teachings of Islam. The overbearing and ideological differences must not end up through contend or bloodshed. Religion of Islam teaches that in order to turn over true peace of mind and surety of heart, one must submit to God and live a ccording to His Divinely revealed Law. The most important truth that God revealed to mankind is that there is nothing divine or worthy of being idolise except for Almighty God. However, anyone who submits completely to God and worship Him alone is a Muslim. The word Muslim refers to one who submits to the will of God, regardless of race, nationality or social background. Being a Muslim entails willful submission and active bow to God, and living in accordance with His message. Things which can be implemented to bring the unity which are commanded to have amongst the Muslims is that they are need to put Islam as their top priority in life instead of the amusement in this world knowing that Islam is the way to Paradise.And whosoever seeks a religion other than Islam, it will never be accepted of him, and in the Hereafter he will be one of the losers. (Al-Imran85)Besides that, all Muslims are also required to return the Quran to Its proper place. The Quran provides as a rule of th umb for living and needs to Muslims and it is to be the Muslims central focus, and is needed to implement it as a whole.Ways to achieve Brotherhood in IslamThe way to achieve Brotherhood in Islam is throughQuranThe Quran is The speech of Allah direct down upon the last Prophet Muhammad, through the Angel Gabriel, in its slender meaning and precise wording transmitted to us by numerous persons ( tawatur), both verbally and in writing. Inimitable and unique, protected by God from corruption. ( Denffer, 1991, 17). The Quran is the foundation of Islam and the primary source of counseling for Muslims in all aspects of life, whther spiritual, legal, moral, political, economic or social. An important theme of the Quran is legal guidance and related matters about how the Muslim community should conduct itself. This includes how to worship God through prayer fasting and pilgrimage4 marriage and divorce the barrier of polygyny the regulation of slavery spending money to help the poor and wiped out(p) relations between the sexes children and custody prohibition of gambling and alcohol penalization for crimes such as theft, murder, adultery and slander war and peace mercenary transactions and inheritance. It also covers moral injunctions such as truthfulness, moderation in behaviour, justice, fairness, forgiveness, honesty, kindness to ones parents, keeping generosity and the keeping of promises. Muslim scholars have true agreat number of Quranic exegetical (critical explanation) works over the past fourteen years. n early of these rely heavily on the Quran and the explanations of the Prophet. The Quran is for Muslims, the revealed word of God. Hence, the exegesis5of the Quran (tafsir) has emerged as one of the most revered6disciplines in Islam. The life of the early Muslims revolved around the Quran, one of their earliest concerns was to understand the message of the holy text. Therefore Quran is important for Muslims in order to achieve Brotherhood. sextette pillars of faith essential beliefs of a MuslimBelief in God (Allah)Belief in the angelsBelief in the revealed booksBelief in the messengers (prophets)

Employee Performance Analysis

Employee Performance AnalysisProject OutlineThis seek is nearly the Employee movement in an memorial tablet. info related to several factors such as Employee productiveness, guest gladnesss stigmatises, the true punctuates, baffle and eon of Employees is taken into consideration. statistical modes argon utilise to identify if there is any impact of ripen and get down of Employees on factors such as Productivity, client joy and Accuracy.Theoretical modellingXYZ Corporation operating let on of Illinois, US want to get word pop if the progress and be intimate of employees spend a penny an impact on his/her cognitive operation. They spend a penny hired an external adviser to dirty dogvass the impact of these two factors ( term and experience) on the performance metrics of the employees. According to the results of the research doed by this external consultant, XYZ Corporate lead design a strategy of recruiting the right talent which will have maximum per formance.Design and MethodologyDesign and Methodology use by the external consultant include identifying the various performance factors common across different businesses within XYZ Corporation. The performance invoices common for all businesses included guest atonement ScoresAccuracy ScoresProductivityThe consultants decided to study the impact of age of employees and their experience on the to a higher place factors by utilize statistical methods.Details on participants and take in methods take in MethodsSampling is the touch on of selecting a small chassis of elements from a larger defined stain group of elements. Population is the total group of elements we want to study. Sample is the subgroup of the world we actually study. Sample would lowly a group of n employees chosen randomly from organization of population N. Sampling is done in situations sameWe assay when the process involves destructive interrogation, e.g. taste tests, car calve tests, etc.We sample w hen there are constraints of time and costsWe sample when the populations cannot be easily capturedSampling is NOT done in situations likeWe cannot sample when the events and products are unique and cannot be replicableSampling can be done by using several methods including naive random sampling, bedded random sampling, Systematic sampling and Cluster sampling. These are Probability Sampling Methods. Sampling can similarly be done using methods such as Convenience sampling, Judgment sampling, Quota sampling and Snowball sampling. These are non- prospect methods of sampling.Simple random sampling is a method of sampling in which either unit has equal chance of being selected. Stratified random sampling is a method of sampling in which stratum/groups are created and accordingly units are picked randomly. Systematic sampling is a method of sampling in which every nth unit is selected from the population. Cluster sampling is a method of sampling in which clusters are sampled every tth time.For the non- fortune methods, Convenience sampling relies upon thingamajig and access. Judgment sampling relies upon belief that participants fit characteristics. Quota sampling emphasizes representation of precise characteristics. Snowball sampling relies upon respondent referrals of others with like characteristics.In our research, the consultant organization utilize a Simple Random Sampling method to conduct the study where they chose about 75 random employees and gathered data of age, experience, their customer Satisfaction scores, their Accuracy Scores and their Productivity scores.The employees were bifurcated into 3 age groups, namely, 20 30 age, 30 40 age and 40 50 eld. Similarly, they were also bifurcated into 3 experience groups, namely, 0 10 years, 10 20 years and 20 30 years.Data Analysis beneath are the different data abstract options apply by the consultant wallop of epoch on Accuracy clashing of be on AccuracyImpact of suppurate on guest Sa tisfactionImpact of Experience on Customer SatisfactionImpact of come along on ProductivityImpact of Experience on ProductivityFor each of the above statistical analysis, we will need to use scheme exam methods. surmise testing tells us whether there exists statistically significant difference betwixt the data sets for us to consider to represent different distribution. The difference that can be detected using meditation testing isContinuous DataDifference in AverageDifference in Variation discrete DataDifference in Proportion DefectiveWe follow the at a lower place steps for shot testingStep 1 Determine leave speculation testStep 2 State the Null Hypothesis Ho and Alternate Hypothesis HaStep 3 account Test Statistics / P-value against table value of test statisticStep 4 watch results Accept or spurn HoThe mechanism of Hypothesis testing involves the followingHo = Null Hypothesis There is No statistically significant difference between the two groupsHa = Alterna te Hypothesis There is statistically significant difference between the two groupsWe also have different types of errors that can be caused if we are using supposition testing. The errors are as noted belowType I illusion P (Reject Ho when Ho is true) = Type II delusion P (Accept Ho when Ho is false) = P Value Statistical Measure which indicates the probability of making an error. The value ranges between 0 and 1. We normally work with 5% alpha risk, a p value lower than 0.05 mingys that we reject the Null conjecture and accept alternate hypothesis.Lets blab a little about p-value. It is a Statistical Measure which indicates the probability of making an error. The value ranges between 0 and 1. We normally work with 5% alpha risk. should be specified before the hypothesis test is conducted. If the p-value is 0.05, and so Ho is true and there is no difference in the groups (Accept Ho). If the p-value is 0.05, then Ho is false and there is a statistically significant d ifference in the groups (Reject Ho).We will also discuss about the types of hypothesis testing1-Sample t-test Its used when we have Normal Continuous Y and distinguishable X. It is used for examine a population mean against a presumptuousness standard. For example Is the mean Turn Around Time of thread 15 minutes.2-Sample t-test Its used when we have Normal Continuous Y and separate X. It is used for comparing means of two different populations. For example Is the mean performance of morning shift = mean performance of night shift.analysis of variance Its used when we have Normal Continuous Y and decided X. It is used for comparing the means of more than two populations. For example Is the mean performance of stave A = mean performance of staff B = mean performance of staff C.Homogeneity Of Variance Its used when we have Normal Continuous Y and Discrete X. It is used for comparing the variance of two or more than two populations. For example Is the adaptation of staff A = vari ation of staff B = variation of staff C.Moods Median Test Its used when we have Non-normal Continuous Y and Discrete X. It is used for Comparing the medials of two or more than two populations. For example Is the median of staff A = median of staff B = median of staff C.Simple Linear lapse Its used when we have Continuous Y and Continuous X. It is used to see how issue (Y) changes as the input (X) changes. For example If we need to find out how staff As accuracy is related to his number of years spent in the process.Chi-square Test of Independence Its used when we have Discrete Y and Discrete X. It is used to see how output counts (Y) from two or more sub-groups (X) differ. For example If we want to find out whether defects from morning shift are significantly different from defects in the flush shift.Lets look at each of the analysis for our researchImpact of Age on Accuracyhard-nosed ProblemHypothesisStatistical animal Used windupIs Accuracy force by Age of EmployeesH0 Accur acy is independent of the Age of EmployeesH1 Accuracy is wedge by Age of Employeesone-way ANOVAp-value 0.05 indicates that performance stones throw of accuracy is force by age factor unidirectional ANOVA Accuracy versus Age place germ DF SS MS F PAge place 2 0.50616 0.25308 67.62 0.000Error 72 0.26946 0.00374 do 74 0.77562S = 0.06118 R-Sq = 65.26% R-Sq(adj) = 64.29% soulfulness 95% CIs For taut establish onPooled StDev take N specify StDev ++++20 30 years 26 0.75448 0.06376 (*)30 40 years 26 0.85078 0.07069 (*)40 50 years 23 0.95813 0.04416 (*)++++0.770 0.840 0.910 0.980Pooled StDev = 0.06118Boxplot of Accuracy by Age Bucket purpose P-value of the above analysis 0.05 which indicates that we reject the bootless hypothesis and thus, the performance flier of accuracy is impacted by age of employees. As the age increases, we cite that the accuracy of the employees also increases.Impact of Experience on AccuracyPractical ProblemHypothesisStatistical Tool Used shutdownIs Ac curacy impacted by Experience of EmployeesH0 Accuracy is independent of the Experience of EmployeesH1 Accuracy is impacted by Experience of EmployeesOne-Way ANOVAp-value 0.05 indicates that performance measure of accuracy is impacted by experience factorone-way ANOVA Accuracy versus Experience Bucket reference DF SS MS F PExperience Bucke 2 0.53371 0.26685 79.42 0.000Error 72 0.24191 0.00336Total 74 0.77562S = 0.05796 R-Sq = 68.81% R-Sq(adj) = 67.94%Individual 95% CIs For Mean Based onPooled StDevLevel N Mean StDev -++++0 10 years 24 0.74403 0.05069 (*)10 20 years 23 0.84357 0.05354 (*)20 30 years 28 0.94696 0.06660 (*)-++++0.770 0.840 0.910 0.980Pooled StDev = 0.05796Boxplot of Accuracy by Experience Bucket closedown P-value of the above analysis 0.05 which indicates that we reject the null hypothesis and thus, the performance measure of accuracy is impacted by experience of employees. As the experience increases, we observe that the accuracy of the employees also increases.Im pact of Age on Customer SatisfactionPractical ProblemHypothesisStatistical Tool Used closeIs Customer Satisfaction Score impacted by Age of EmployeesH0 Customer Satisfaction Score is independent of the Age of EmployeesH1 Customer Satisfaction Score is impacted by Age of EmployeesOne-Way ANOVAp-value 0.05 indicates that performance measure of Customer Satisfaction score is impacted by age factorOne-way ANOVA Customer Satisfaction versus Age BucketSource DF SS MS F PAge Bucket 2 49.51 24.75 18.92 0.000Error 72 94.23 1.31Total 74 143.74S = 1.144 R-Sq = 34.44% R-Sq(adj) = 32.62%Individual 95% CIs For Mean Based onPooled StDevLevel N Mean StDev ++++20 30 years 26 6.906 1.164 (-*)30 40 years 26 8.041 1.156 (*-)40 50 years 23 8.907 1.107 (*)++++7.20 8.00 8.80 9.60Pooled StDev = 1.144Boxplot of Customer Satisfaction by Age BucketConclusion P-value of the above analysis 0.05 which indicates that we reject the null hypothesis and thus, the performance measure of Customer Satisfaction Sco re is impacted by age of employees. As the age increases, we observe that the Customer Satisfaction Score of the employees also increases.Impact of Experience on Customer SatisfactionPractical ProblemHypothesisStatistical Tool UsedConclusionIs Customer Satisfaction Score impacted by Experience of EmployeesH0 Customer Satisfaction Score is independent of the Experience of EmployeesH1 Customer Satisfaction Score is impacted by Experience of EmployeesOne-Way ANOVAp-value 0.05 indicates that performance measure of Customer Satisfaction score is impacted by experience factorOne-way ANOVA Customer Satisfaction versus Experience BucketSource DF SS MS F PExperience Bucke 2 51.20 25.60 19.92 0.000Error 72 92.54 1.29Total 74 143.74S = 1.134 R-Sq = 35.62% R-Sq(adj) = 33.83%Individual 95% CIs For Mean Based onPooled StDevLevel N Mean StDev ++++-0 10 years 24 7.035 1.277 (*)10 20 years 23 7.570 0.922 (*)20 30 years 28 8.948 1.160 (-*-)++++-7.20 8.00 8.80 9.60Pooled StDev = 1.134Boxplot of Cu stomer Satisfaction by Experience BucketConclusion P-value of the above analysis 0.05 which indicates that we reject the null hypothesis and thus, the performance measure of Customer Satisfaction Score is impacted by experience of employees. As the experience increases, we observe that the Customer Satisfaction Score of the employees also increases.Impact of Age on ProductivityPractical ProblemHypothesisStatistical Tool UsedConclusionIs Productivity impacted by Age of EmployeesH0 Productivity is independent of the Age of EmployeesH1 Productivity is impacted by Age of EmployeesOne-Way ANOVAp-value 0.05 indicates that performance measure of Productivity is impacted by experience factorOne-way ANOVA Productivity versus Age BucketSource DF SS MS F PAge Bucket 2 0.74389 0.37194 194.56 0.000Error 72 0.13765 0.00191Total 74 0.88153S = 0.04372 R-Sq = 84.39% R-Sq(adj) = 83.95%Individual 95% CIs For Mean Based onPooled StDevLevel N Mean StDev ++++20 30 years 26 0.93959 0.04287 (-*)30 40 y ears 26 0.81511 0.05831 (-*-)40 50 years 23 0.69291 0.01747 (*-)++++0.720 0.800 0.880 0.960Pooled StDev = 0.04372Boxplot of Productivity by Age BucketConclusion P-value of the above analysis 0.05 which indicates that we reject the null hypothesis and thus, the performance measure of Productivity is impacted by age of employees. As the age increases, we observe that the Productivity of the employees decreases.Impact of Experience on ProductivityPractical ProblemHypothesisStatistical Tool UsedConclusionIs Productivity impacted by Experience of EmployeesH0 Productivity is independent of the Experience of EmployeesH1 Productivity is impacted by Experience of EmployeesOne-Way ANOVAp-value 0.05 indicates that performance measure of Productivity is impacted by experience factorOne-way ANOVA Productivity versus Experience BucketSource DF SS MS F PExperience Bucke 2 0.74024 0.37012 188.61 0.000Error 72 0.14129 0.00196Total 74 0.88153S = 0.04430 R-Sq = 83.97% R-Sq(adj) = 83.53%Individual 9 5% CIs For Mean Based onPooled StDevLevel N Mean StDev ++++-0 10 years 24 0.94474 0.03139 (*)10 20 years 23 0.83120 0.05754 (*-)20 30 years 28 0.70599 0.04118 (*-)++++-0.700 0.770 0.840 0.910Pooled StDev = 0.04430Boxplot of Productivity by Experience BucketConclusion P-value of the above analysis 0.05 which indicates that we reject the null hypothesis and thus, the performance measure of Productivity is impacted by experience of employees. As the experience increases, we observe that the Productivity of the employees decreases.Conclusion of the AnalysisAs Age and Experience increases, the Accuracy and Customer Satisfaction Scores of Employees increasesAs Age and Experience increases, the Productivity of Employees decreasesBibliographyThe data used in this analysis is self-created data using statistical software. Research enumeration (Gantt Chart) of the Project

Strategic Positioning Of The Ryanair Airline Commerce Essay

Strategic Positioning Of The Ryanair Airline Commerce set ab come onRyanair is a leading no nonsense air passage in europium and across the globe, it has managed to outperform all other flight path businesss and in 2006, it carried over 34.8 cardinal passengers. Ryanair is tar directing low income earners and cost sense of right and wrong customers 1.2.1 PESTEL outline(See appendix 7.5) PESTEL analysis is a useful strategic tool for understanding foodstuff fruit or decline, business position, potential and stress for operations. It is a framework for revie succeedg a moorage and keister be applied by Ryanair to review strategic direction as nearly as foodstuffing intention 4. When one flavor in the PESTEL analysis is moved(p), the rest will in like manner be affected for example if the political situation of Ireland trans contrivets then the economical, technological, social, legal, economical and even environmental aspects will change 4.Ryanair is not in good ter ms with virtually governments in the European Union as well as airline application authorities and airport regulatory bodies due to the rules and regulations they set. The EU precious to charge tax on aviation fuel due to carbon emissions breakd by the airline industries before 2010, Ryanair argued that any environmental taxations scheme should be to the benefit of more efficient mail carriers, so airlines with low load factors that generate racy fuel consumption and emission per passenger and airline that poke out connecting kinda than superman to point flights should be penalised then excluding itself 5. Secondly, Ryanair protested against charges and conditions on more or less airports much(prenominal) as Stansted and capital of Ireland.Economical conditions also affect both capital letter availability and cost, as well as command 4. If demand is high and the capital is low, it will be attractive for Ryanair to invest and grow with expectations of creation profit fitted. To influence demand Ryanair must continue to use its incumbent schema and reform its improvements and upgrade its customer c ar policies.The currency replacement rates affect Ryanair as they may determine whether customers will entertain a flight or not. If the exchange rate is high, customers will favor to use other means of transport such as the EURO express. To avert this situation, customers can use the Euro to book flights 1.Moreover, jet fuel prices atomic descend 18 dominated in US dollars and at that placefore Ryanair will shake to risk paid more or less for fuel as it will entangle the exchange rate.The opportunity to exploit a particular scheme successfully may depend on demand which exists in growth conditions and does not in recession. Although a depressed frugality will generally be a treat which results in a number of organizations going out of business, it can go forth opportunities for some4. The recession decreased the number of rivals in the pers of all timeance as well as weakening the re principal(prenominal)ing competition. In and after recession, customers ar more willing to fly with a no frill or low cost carriers rather than a differentiated or hybrid carrier. Therefore, to real extent the recession has had a positive meet Ryanair.The socio or cultural environment involves demand and tastes, which vary with fashion and expendable income, and general changes, can provide both opportunities and threats for Ryanair 4. Ryanair should be aware of demographics changes as the structure of the population by ages, affluence, regions, number working and so on so as to be able to take advantage when an opportunity occurs.Technological breakthroughs affect the airline indus depict the most. If the organization can conciliate to the technological change then it will be able to spank competition and increase its grocery share. The global focus in the twenty- start-off century is environmental protection. Ryanair has been able to meet the demand and standards of the world food market by adjureing eco friendly airlines. The aircrafts produce 50% less emissions, 45% lower noise emissions per seat. A winglet modification programme on the pass away is providing better aircraft performance and a 2% reduction in shoot fuel consumption, a saving which Ryanair hopes to improve in the coming historic period 1.Ryanair has been employ one type of airline, Boeing 737 to save cost on preparedness staff. As Ryanair cannot dump expenses on its customers it should look for ways to reduce cost and the author believes that this is one of it 1.Legal factors affecting Ryanair is that of labour unions. Ryanair does not oblige a good relationship with its employees as it has refused to acknowledge unions. Secondly it is providing myopic working conditions and low salaries. Although Ryanair has argued that its pilots are the best paid short allure pilots in Europe. In the autumn 2006 pilots in Ryanair l odge a indisposition with the Irish Labour Relations Commission on the basis that there were significant in net salary between Ryanair and Aer Lingus pilots.2.2 Michael Porters 5 Forces abridgment (see appendix 7.8)The threat of substitutes in the airline industry is high as there are other means of transport to and from Europe as well as in spite of appearance Europe. Customers are opting to use the Euro Express (train) rather than using an aeroplane as it is cheaper and offers extra benefits. The Euro Express enables its customers to enjoy the scenario musical composition offering more or less the same services as the airplane.Rivalry amongst actual crockeds there are a number of competitors inside the market and when the European Union commenced even more competitors entered the market. The industry is agonistic and is becoming saturated. Each competitor is using a strategy to get a foot hold in the industry. Although some of the airlines are using the no frill strategy, Ryanair has been able to best them by creating a truehearted brand offering the lowest price fare.dicker power of suppliers, the talk terms power of suppliers is low as there are many suppliers in the industry. The suppliers of the airline industry are those who supply the airline with parts such as the blades and engines, food, uniforms for the air hostess and so on. They are slow exchangeable as Ryanair can get these services from any country indoors and outside of Europe. Ryanair as a supplier has a high negociate power as it offers services that are unique in the market (it is the only no frill airline in the United Kingdom).Bargaining power of buyers, the bargaining power of buyers is very high as there are a lot of substitutes and competitors in the market. The customer can easily use his/her car to go Dublin rather than take an airplane. Secondly, as there are a number of competitors in the market, the airlines will offer discounts and promotions to attract customers an d therefore customers can easily switch from one airline to another.Threats of naked entrants the biggest barrier to entering the airline industry is capital exactly nowadays entrepreneurs can take a loan with the bank or form an alliance such as a joint reckon to overcome this barrier. The industry regulations can help decrease the number of untried entrants and reduce competition within the market. There is no union among the existing firm to keep new entrants out, in other industries the existing firm come together to keep new entrants out of the industry as they would saturate the market even more.2.3 Ratios AnalysisRyanairs financial performance is positive, although there is still room for improvement (see appendix 7.9). The net profit mete in 2006 was lower than 2005 hardly Ryanair managed to increase it in the second half(prenominal) of 2006. The return on capital employee has been constant from 2005 to 2006.3.0 STRATEGY CHOICES3.1 StrategyRyanairs object lens is to firmly establish itself as Europes leading low-fares schedule passenger airline through proceed improvements and expanded offerings of its low-fares service. Ryanair aims to offer low fares that generate increase passenger traffic while throwing a continuous focus on cost-containment and operating efficiencies 1.Ryanair was initially a hybrid (see appendix 7.4) as it was a full service conventional airline, in the early 1990s it pose a no frill carrier under the management of Michael O Leary 1. The author believe that this move by the nous Executive police officer has enable Ryanair to create a market peak for itself and gain market share and therefore I would not suggest a change in strategy. The industry is very competitory and is becoming saturated so if Ryanair decides to change its strategy it will have to design and implement a new strategy that is not being used by its competitor or that has never been used in the industry. This is next to impossible as all of the stra tegies i.e. differentiation, cost leadership are already being used. Secondly, Ryanair would overleap the foothold it has in the industry and its market share and it would have to lower from scratch, which will mean more capital will have to be invested into the new strategy.Although Ryanair is using the no frill strategy1 they must be vigilant to not devalue the smart set. Currently, it has a large customer base besides most of which have a very low opinion of the airline 6. Moreover, Ryanair should increase more benefits to its customers for example they should remove the 50 cent wheelchair impose that was impose on every passenger ticket 6. These small charges are making customers opt to fly with a different airline.The airline offers point to point flight 1. Ryanair uses secondary terminals to avoid crowding in the terminals as well as to decrease its turnaround quantify. The turnaround time is also kept to a minimum by the flight attendants cleaning the airplane instead of outsourcing professionals.Building on its success in the Ireland-U.K. market and its expansion of service to continental Europe, Ryanair intends to follow a manageable growth plan targeting specific markets to gain an advantage over its competitors. Ryanair believes it will have opportunities for continued growth by 1Initiating additional routes from the U.K. or Ireland to other locations in continental Europe that are presently served by higher-cost, higher-fare carriersIncreasing the absolute absolute frequency of service on its existing routesStarting new domestic routes within EU countriesConsidering possible acquisitions that may turn available in the afterlifeConnecting airports within its existing route network (triangulation)3.2 Competitive Advantage AnalysisRyanair has many combative advantages (See appendix 7.7). According to Ryanairs official website the following are some of its competitive advantage3.2.1 Low Fares Ryanair sets fares on the basis of demand for particular flights and by reference to the period remaining to the date of way out of the flight, with higher fares charged on flights with higher levels of demand for bookings made nearby to the date of departure. The airline sells seats on a one-way basis, thus eliminating minimum stay requirements from all travel on Ryanair scheduled services, irrespective of fare. Ryanairs competitors generally do not operate a one-way set policy, so direct comparison is not possible, but current round-trip fares on Aer Lingus, Ryanairs largest competitor on the London- Dublin route, for travel in September 2004 were 82.27 Euro for economy restricted return tickets, 218.27 Euro for economy flexible return and 353.75 pounds for business part tickets.3.2.2 Customer gain Ryanair delivers the best customer service performance in its fellow group. According to reports by the Association of European Airlines and the airlines proclaim make statistics, Ryanair has achieved better punctuality, fe wer lost bags and fewer cancellations than all of the rest of its peer grouping in Europe. Ryanair achieves this by focusing strongly on the writ of execution of these services and by operating from uncongested airports.3.2.3 Frequent Point-to-Point Flights on Short-Haul Routes Ryanair provides frequent point-to-point service on short- arrest routes to secondary and regional airports in and around major population centres and travel destinations. Short-haul routes allow Ryanair to offer frequent service, while eliminating the necessity to provide frill services otherwise expected by customers on seven-day flights. Point-to-point flying allows Ryanair to offer direct, non-stop routes and avoid the cost of providing through service for connecting passengers, including luggage transfer and transit passenger assistance cost. In choosing its routes, Ryanair favours secondary airports with expedient transportation to major population centres and regional airports. secondary and regio nal airports are generally less congested than major airports and, as a result, can be expected to provide higher rates of onetime departures, alacritous turnaround times, fewer terminal delays and more competitive airport admission price and handling cost. Faster turnaround times are a samara element in Ryanairs efforts to maximize aircraft utilization. Ryanairs average scheduled turnaround time for the fiscal year ended March 31, 2004 was approximately 25 minutes. Secondary and regional airports also generally do not maintain schedule requirements or other operating restrictions that can increase operating expenses and restrain the number of allowed take-offs and landings.3.2.4 Low Operating Costs Management believes that Ryanairs operating costs are among the lowest of any European scheduled passenger airline thus being advantageous to the airline. Ryanair strives to reduce or control quadruple of the primary(a) expenses involved in running a major scheduled airlineAircraft equipment costsPersonnel productivityCustomer service costsAirport access and handling costs3.2.5 Aircraft Equipment Costs Ryanairs initial strategy for controlling aircraft acquisition costs was to leverage used aircraft of a iodine type Boeing 737, there was a significant reduction in the number of such used aircraft available for purchase in the market. The 737-800s represent the in style(p) generation of Boeings 737 aircraft and share certain basic attributes in common with Ryanairs current eliminate. Although Ryanairs acquisition of the 737-800s has already, and will continue to significantly increase the size of its fleet from that in 1998 and thus significantly increase its aircraft equipment and related costs, the purchase of aircraft from a single manufacturer enables it to limit the costs associated with staff office training, maintenance and the purchase and storage of spare parts, as well as affording greater flexibleness in the scheduling of crews and equipment.3.2 .6 Personnel Productivity Ryanair endeavours to control its labour costs by continually improving the productivity of its already highly-productive work force. wages for employees emphasizes productivity-based wear incentives, including commissions for on-board sales of products for flight attendants and payments based on the number of hours or sectors flown by pilots and cabin crew personnel within limits set by industry standards or regulations fixing maximum working hours, as well as participation in Ryanairs stock option programs.3.2.7 Customer Service Ryanair has entered into agreements on competitive terms with third party contractors at certain airports for passenger and aircraft handling, ticketing and other services that management believes can be more cost efficiently provided by third parties. Management attempts to obtain competitive rates for such services by negotiating multi-year contracts at prices that are set or subject only to periodic increases linked to inflat ion. The development of its own internet booking facility and reservations centre has advantaged Ryanair to eliminate travel agentive role commissions.3.2.8 Airport Access Fees Ryanair attempts to control airport access and service charges by focusing on airports that offer competitive cost terms. Management believes that Ryanairs present of delivering a consistently high volume of passenger traffic growth at many of these airports has allowed it to negotiate favourable contracts with such airports for access to their facilities. Ryanair advance endeavours to reduce its airport charges by opting, when practicable, for less expensive gate locations as well as outdoor boarding stairs rather than more expensive jet ways.3.2.9 Ecommerce During January 2000, Ryanair converted its host reservation arranging from the BABS (British Airways booking System) to a new system called Flight speed, which it operates under a 10 year hosting agreement with Accenture Open Skies (Open Skies). As p art of the implementation of the new reservation system, Open Skies developed an internet booking facility called Skylights. The Skylights system allows internet users to access Ryanairs host reservation system and to make and pay for confirmed reservations in real time through Ryanairs website which accounts for a 96% reservation of all flights.3.2.10 Safety Ryanairs commitment to safety is a primary priority of the Company and its management. This commitment begins with the hiring and training of Ryanairs pilots, cabin crews and maintenance personnel and includes a policy of maintaining its aircraft in accordance with the highest European airline industry standards. Ryanair has not had a single incident involving major injury to passengers or flight crew in its 20 year operating history. Although Ryanair explores to maintain its fleet in a cost-effective manner, management does not seek to extend Ryanairs low cost operating strategy to the areas of safety, maintenance, training o r quality assurance. Routine aircraft maintenance and repair services are performed at Dublin, London (Stansted), Glasgow (Prestwick), Shannon and Milan (Bergamo) by Ryanair and, at other airports maintenance contractors.4.0 STRATEGY IN ACTIONAccording to Ryanairs website the political party plans to initiate new services and improve existing ones and therefore the author will suggest ways the company can do so.The first is initiating additional routes from the U.K. or Ireland to other locations in continental Europe that are currently served by higher-cost and higher-fare carriers. As economies have just emerge from a recession, customers are more cost conscience and therefore if Ryanair continues to use its no frill strategy it will be able to quickly gain market share and dominance.Increasing the frequency of service on its existing routes, as seen in appendix 13 the most used route is from Dublin to London, therefore Ryanair should increase flights from Dublin to London and vic e versa.Starting new domestic routes within EU countries, as the EU Union continues to grow, more markets will open up. Ryanair should try to enter these markets the first so as to gain the first instrument advantage such as being the first to exploit the market thus gaining more knowledge about the market.Considering possible acquisitions that may become available in the future. Ryanair acquired a small Dutch budget, short haul, carrier buzz and wanted to acquire Aer Lingus its Irish rival and long haul airline. Although the acquisition failed at the time, Ryanair can still try again but using a different strategy. In the future the airline should grant a stockbroker to purchase Aer Lingus as it did when its stockbroker Davy purchased the Aer Lingus shares. Secondly, Ryanair should negotiate behind closed doors, the first attempt failed because of media interference. Ryanair should state that it will bring in an expert to exert the organizational structure so that the 2 organiza tions can be able to work together and allow trade unions so as to win over the trust of the government and the Aer Lingus board.Connecting airports within its existing route network, currently Ryanair is using secondary terminals to avoid traffic and increase its turnaround time. only when most customers prefer to use the main terminals and therefore if Ryanair uses both the main and secondary terminals it will be able to increase its customer base.5.0 demonstrationAs seen in section 3.2 Ryanair is using the no frill strategy, the company has positioned itself well in the market and has manage under the leadership of the Chief Executive Officer and shareholder Michael O Leary to become a home name. Although Ryanair is targeting a niche in the market where its customers are willing to release extra benefits for the low fare, the company should try to add value for its customers where ever it can and when ever it can to increase brand loyalty and last sales.6.0 REFERENCERyanairs official website, http//www.ryanair.com obtained on 21st November 2009 at 1211 P.MG. Johnson, k. Scholes, R. Whittington 2008, Exploring Corporate Culture, 8th Edition, Prentice HallRyanairs history 2009 obtained from http//en.Wikipedia.org/Ryanair on nineteenth November 2009 at 1123 A.MPESTEL Analysis, obtained from http//university-essays.tripod.com on 19th November 2009 at 1200 P.MS. Cairns and C. Newson, predict and decide Aviation, climate change and UK policy, ECI Research Report 33, environmental Change Institute, University of Oxford 2006D. Milmo, Ryanair the world least favorite airline, Guardian 26 October 2006 nucleus for Asia Pacific Aviation 2009, obtained from http//www.cntreforpacificaviation.com on 15th November 2009 at 212 P.MBBC WORL NEWS, fast track, interview with Michael OLeary time 1155 28th declination 2009Ryanairs marketing mix 2009 obtained from http//www.marketingteacher.com on the 27th of November 2009 at 1206 P.M.Ryanairs competitive advantage obtained from http//www.slideshare.net/puya455/newanalysis-of-ryanairs on the 27th November 2009 at 100 P.MRyanairs value cooking stove analysis obtained from http//www.peerpapers.com/essays/Ryanair-Value-Chain-Analysis/171123.html?topic

Admittedly Committred :: essays research papers

Admittedly CommittedAll I could do was stand there and shiver. I dont know if it was the fact that any I was wearing was a hospital gown and a pair of socks or if it was the fact that I was in a moral hospital. I was standing there, waiting to be put in a room for the night and I would be reassigned in the morning.Laying brush up on what felt like a stone with linens thrown on it wasnt very comfortable at all. Sleep was the least of my worries at this point though I was wondering how to stay warm. Looking estimable about in the dark at my room, everything was bolted directly to the floor. The beds, dressers, and desks were made of cheap oak tree and the walls were cement covered in an inch and a half of swampy whiten padding. Inside this room with me lay two brothers, who I came to settle out have been in this place for a very pertinacious time and werent leaving anytime soon. I didnt want to be there.When I awoke, the two brothers were playing some sort of fake soldier ga me and running around the room like animals and hitting to each one other with pillows. They couldnt have been older than thirteen. It was very sad that peck so young should ever need to be put in a place such as this. I introduced myself to them. One of the brothers, Beau, got on my nerves right from the start. He was a very annoying microscopic boy. He spent most of his days in a receding in time-out because he was the one kid out of all of us who never listened and never stopped talking.Sitting down in the discussion room after breakfast was very uncomfortable for me. I was the new kid and I didnt like being looked at by these people. We were all in here forsomething, but none of us talked about it unless we were forced by the counselors in the room. These people were crazy. Running off seemed pea-sized in comparison to the other things these kids had done in here. There were kids with white stretchy bandages on their arms to cover up the cuts. Other kids just had like sever e ADHD and were on high doses of Ritalin. There was this slim boy named Tyler, he was the smallest, youngest boy there.

Lucky :: Personal Narrative Writing

Lucky When I was little, I used to dream about being the Governor of Hong Kong. I still remember the com prepare I wrote in my primary school, in which I conveyed my vision and even outlined the policies I planned to hire out once I became the leader of the government. After a some eld, I realized that it was al approximately impossible for me to be the Governor of Hong Kong, because the position was in fact appointed by the British government. This was a pick of disheartening news. I tried to console myself by saying that at least I had aimed at entering politics. In my mind, politicians are non only smart, but also selfless and I sincerely comprehended their contribution to the society. In Hong Kong, however, it was unusual, if not odd, for a young boy to requisite to be a politician. You might accuse me of over-generalizing, but this was what I supposition at that time. A few years later, as my general noesis of the world outside my classroom gradually develope d, a gleam of swallow was shed on my dream again. I realized that Hong Kong people would lastly have the chance to choose their own governor some years after the handover of Hong Kong back to Mainland china in 1997. The idea of Hong Kong being re glowering to China was frightening to many Hong Kong people in the early 80s, but the handover turned out to be a joyful and memorable moment for most of the citizens. Today, Hong Kong is no longer a colony of Britain and Chinese are retentiveness most of the top positions in the government. More significantly, the Governor, now renamed as the foreland Executive, is also Chinese. In other words, I still have my chance. I am convinced that not only I, but the Hong Kong community in general welcomes this semipolitical change, which brings more power to the hands of Hong Kong citizens. Possessing more political rights seems to be a foreign concept to us, but it definitely sounds similar something positive. People used to wonder why Hong Kong people were so torpid to politics. I think I know the answer now. It is indeed in truth straightforward. Hong Kong people were essentially unable to make an impact on the government, as we were under the rule of foreigners.

Importance Of Diversity Training :: essays research papers

Diversity training has be find a necessity in businesses today. Diversity training is necessary because of peoples differences in our snuff it force. Some of these differences are race, gender, culture, age, and disabilities. Because our organization is so diverse, this program go forth protagonist educate, sensitize and prepare people to get along in our workplace. If do right, I feel that the training programs will bring our company smart results. One study by Katrina Jordan on diversity training in the workplace from the perspective of organization/human resources diversity practitioners and diversity consultants showed compulsory results. Some of the outcomes found in this study were changes in rung behavior, increases staff sensitivity, increased executive commitment, recognition that diversity training is not exclusively a H.R function, etc. For some diversity training empowers people by helping them to understand others and develop a world view beyond their avow. As a result they know how to respond to and resolve differences that business leader otherwise interfere with their work(Jordan). Programs are made up to hide out a wide range of topics. These topics include defining, developing and managing diversity, harassment prevention, fuck up cultural communication, and creating an affirming environment. Workers will be able to bring up their own specific topics as well. Training sessions will be of two types. number one we will have a series of speakers come in at least once every other work week and talk to large groups no larger than 75 people. Also during the week between smaller groups of no more that 20 people will meet for discussions. All sessions will be held at times satisfactory to all employees. To try to create an informal environment we will service coffee and donuts. For the training programs to make a positive impact it is weighty for all levels of employees to take part. Training must begin from the top down. H.R partici pants think that it is essential for top executives to take part in these training sessions. essence management will be stressed to attend, since they are doing a dole out of interaction with people.

Descartes :: essays research papers

From Descartes perspective, nature is a representationof God therefore, God must intrinsi auspicatey exist, inasmuch as he, too, is a product of His suffer creation. Descartes wasone of many another(prenominal) philosophers who fully supported this phone linein support of Gods existence, contending that the external origination is the ruling force behind the presence of all beings. Descartes assertions, as portray within the literaryboundaries of Meditations on First Philosophy, were foundednot in cosmological or ontological arguments but rather inteleological debate, inasmuch as the philosopher believedthat there has to be an omnipotent entity responsible forall the purpose and coordinate that is found within naturalexistence and, thereby, stimulating a instinct of wonder aboutthe world.One of the primary reasons why Meditation threesome bringsforth such a sense of wonder is because Descartesphilosophical belles-lettres followed a very distinctive trail,one that pursued a caterpillar track of purity and sincerity. Hebelieved deeply in the value of ethics as it related tohumans within the natural world, and his concept of plaster castingan adequate honourable code was thought to be the only way inwhich pack could truly base their value system. Withinthis natural world of which he spoke, Descartes theorizedthat knowledge was the ultimate controller of theenvironment, thus supporting the teleological argument asproof of God. He persevered and postulated as to how hecould at hold seal the overwhelming gap that existed betweenthought and action. It was through his literature thatDescartes exercised the possibility that all thought andaction are interconnected, bringing to sound judgement the view ofscience and how it undoubtedly demonstrated the sameevidence.Characteristic of humanitys aeonian quest for theconcept of Gods existence, the journey of understanding hascome to represent countless things to myriad people, ultimatelyrendering any univers al explanation close impossible. The problem with such sought-after meaning is attempting tosuccessfully pinpoint a single yet comprehensive connotationto its concept however, this cannot be achieved as long asany two individuals harbor decidedly polarinterpretations. "I shall now close my eyes, I shall stopmy ears, I shall call away all my senses, I shall effaceeven from my thoughts all the images of corporeal things, orat least (for that is hardly possible) I shall esteem themas vain and false and thus holding converse only withmyself and considering my own nature, I shall try little bylittle to reach a better knowledge of and a more familiaracquaintanceship with myself" (Descartes PG).Inasmuch as Descartes provides a naturalistic theoryfor Gods existence, which is based upon human naturesphilosophical reasoning, this form of mitigated convictionis what essentially supports his stance on Gods existence